USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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112 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera (3) In the same region, the Bureya (BU) superterrane accreted against the Ulban accretionary-wedge terrane (UL) along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture (MO), thereby closing the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. Forming during accretion was the Stanovoy (ST) metallogenic belt that contains anatectic, granitic-magmatism-related deposits. (4) The Uda continental-margin arc (Uda volcanic-plutonic belt, ud, and Uda-Zeya Sedimentary Basin, uz) continued to form. Associated with the arc was subduction and sinistral transpression of part of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic plate to form the Turkuringra-Dzhagdinsk (TD), and Ulban (UL) terranes. Subduction was associated with sinistral transpression along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture (MO). (5) The extensive Kony-Murgal continental-margin and island-arc terrane (KM) continued to form as an extension of the Uda continental-margin arc (ud). Associated with the MO COLL (BU) uz MONAKIN NB ARC - mo UMLEKAN ARC - uo AR SMA, KB, BD 60 o o At 60 latitude: MAI-MAINITSKIY ARC SVYATOY- NOS ARC OIMYAKON UYANDINA OCEAN ARC ST SVN NSS NSC MA, TAM UL AV METALLOGENIC BELTS AR - Ariadny CAR - Chersky-Argatass Ranges CB - Cariboo ESA - Eastern-Southern Alaska FM - Fortymile IP - Island Porphyry KB - Kobuk KL - Klukwan-Duke KUY - Kuyul MA - Mainits UDA ARC ud TD TL (AK) LE NSV (OK) KONY-MURGAL ARC KM KUY AD KN io GB DB (VL) 80 o PA (OM) ol ? (YA) WP (OL) (BE) PK ANCESTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN SV 0 800 km 0 800 mi NB - North Bureya OL - Oloy PK - Pekulney TAM - Tamvatney-Mainits TC - Texas Creek TM - Talkeetna Mountains TO - Toodoggone RL - Rossland ST - Stanovoy SVN - Svyatoy-Nos SWA - Southwestern Alaska YR - Yukon River YS - Yasachnaya River COLL (TA, KT) SA ZL ANGAYU- CHAM OCEAN CAR, YS KLO OL UNK OLOY ARC PK PEKUL’NEY ARC arc was continued subduction of part of the ancestral Pacific oceanic plate to form the Talovskiy (TL) and Penzhina-Anadyr (PA) terranes. The Kony-Murgal island arc overlapped the Okhotsk (OK) and Avekova (AK) cratonal terranes, which were previously rifted from the North Asian Craton (NSC), and the Viliga (VL) passive continental-margin terranes that were previously rifted from the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV). As a transform extension of the Kony-Murgal terrane, the West Pekul’ney island-arc terrane (WP) was initiated. Associated with the arc was subduction of part of the ancestral Pacific Ocean Plate to form the Pekul’ney terrane (PK). (6) The Kolyma-Omolon superterrane (KLO) continued to migrate toward the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV). During migration, the Uyandina arc (consisting of Uyandina-Yasachnaya volcanic belt in the western part of the long Indigirka- Oloy sedimentary-volcanic-plutonic assemblage (io)) started KI o At about 32 to 39 or o 55 latitude? ? VE SOUTH ANYUI OCEAN KY NX, DL, MY kh NUTESYN- ARC AG ESM, KB, SWA, YR GOOD- NEWS OCEAN ESA 163 to 144 Ma NAM KOYUKUK ARC TG, NY gg NAC WRA (WR) CG FAR WRA (PE) INTIATION OF RIFT GRABENS FOR OPENING OF AMERASIA & CANADA BASINS NAM GRAVINA ARC KL 60 gg 35 o o IP CG FARALLON OCEAN WRA (AX) NAC FM CS COLL FL (UNK) CB gg FARALLON OCEAN ns NAM RL BR,EA MT BA Figure 50. Late Jurassic (Oxfordian through Kimmeridigian—163 to 144 Ma) stage of metallogenic-tectonic model for the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for explanation of metallogenic-tectonic events, to tables 3 and 4 for descriptions metallogenic belts and significant deposits, and to figure 18 for explanation of abbreviations, symbols, and patterns. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998, 2000).
to form along the leading edge of the superterrane. Forming in the Uyandina arc was the Chersky-Argatass Ranges (CAR) metallogenic belt, which contains kuroko massive sulfide deposits, and the Yasachnaya River (YS) metallogenic belt, which contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits. Tectonically linked to the Uyandina arc was subduction of the oceanic crustal rocks preserved in the Garbyn’ya (GA) and Debin (DB) ophiolite belt (and corresponding terranes, fig. 48) of Oxman and others (1995) that are herein interpreted as a remnants of the Oimyakon oceanic plate. (7) On the opposite side of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane (KLO), the Oloy island arc (ol) formed in response to subduction of part the South Anyui oceanic plate. Forming in the arc was the Oloy (OL) metallogenic belt that contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits. Along one part of the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV), the Svyotoy-Nos continentalmargin arc formed along the margin of the Taymyr Peninsula collage (TA) in response to subduction of another part of the South Anyui oceanic plate to form the South Anyui subduction-zone terrane (SA). Forming in the arc was the Svyatoy- Nos (SVN) metallogenic belt that contains Au-Ag epithermal vein deposits and is hosted in the Svyatoy-Nos volcanic belt. The Angayucham Ocean continued to exist along with the South Anyui Ocean. (8) Outboard of the Oloy arc was the minor Pekul’ney island arc. Incorporated into the tectonically linked Pekul’ney subduction-zone terrane was the basaltic Cu deposits of the Pekulney metallogenic belt that formed in a primitive island arc and neighboring sea-floor environment. (9) Adjacent to the North American Craton Margin (NAM) two extensive arcs formed. The Nutesyn continental-margin arc formed in response to subduction of part of the South Anyui oceanic plate to form the Velmay subduction-zone terrane (VE). The Koyukuk (KY), Togiak (TG), and Nyac (NY) island-arc terranes formed in response to subduction of an (inner) Angayucham oceanic plate to extend the Angayucham (AG) subduction-zone terrane and opening of the Aerasia and Canada Basins. Outboard of the island arc were the outer Angayucham and the Goodnews Oceans. Forming in the basal parts of the Koyukuk (KY), Togiak (TG), and Nyac (NY) island arcs were the Eastern Seward Peninsula and Marshall (ESM), Klukwan-Duke (KL), Kobuk (KB), Kuyul (KUY), southwestern Alaska (SWA), and Yukon-River (YR) metallogenic belts, which contain podiform Cr and related deposits and zoned mafic-ultramafic PGE deposits, and are hosted in mafic-ultramafic plutons. The polarity of the island arc was continentward, toward the North American Craton Margin (NAM). (10) The Kilbuck-Idono cratonal (KI) and the Nixon Fork-Dillinger-Mystic passive continental-margin terranes (NX, DL, MY) accreted onto the North American Craton Margin (NAM) at about the same time as obduction of the Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc described below. (11) Rift grabens, depicted as rifting associated with sea-floor spreading, began to open the Amerasia and Canada Basins (Grantz and others, 1998). These grabens were an early Late Jurassic Metallogenic Belts (163 to 144 Ma; figs. 48, 49) 113 stage of creation of new oceanic crust in the Early Cretaceous, as described below. (12) A subduction zone (UNK) having a component of oblique sinistral-slip is inferred to have formed along and parallel to the continental margin in order to accomplish migration of the Wrangellia superterrane toward the North American Craton Margin. Remnants of the subduction zone may be preserved in the terrane of ultramafic and related rocks that occurs discontinuously along the Denali strike-slip fault (DE, fig. 50) for several hundred kilometers (Nokleberg and others, 1994b). The mafic and ultramafic rocks may in part be derived from the Farallon oceanic plate (FAR) that separated the Wrangellia superterrane from the North American Craton Margin. (13) Regional thrust faulting occurred with obduction of the Stikinia (ST), Quesnellia (QN), Cache Creek (CC), Slide Mountain (SM), Yukon-Tanana (YT), Seventymile (SM), and Kootenay (KO) terranes over the Cassiar (CA) terrane and the North American Craton Margin (NAM). This compressional event marked the beginning of a major orogenic event, including regional metamorphism, deformation, crustal thickening, anatectic magmatism, and uplift in the core of the Canadian Cordillera (Monger and Nokleberg, 1996). Forming during the regional metamorphism, or during younger hydrothermal alteration, were the serpentinite-hosted asbestos deposits of the Cassiar (CS) and Fortymile metallogenic belts (FM) that are hosted in ultramafic rock in the Slide Mountain (SM) and (or) Seventymile (SV) terranes. The Nelson plutonic suite (ns, fig. 50), which intrudes the Stikinia, Quesnellia, Kootenay, Cache Creek, and Slide Mountain terranes, and the coeval Francois Lake plutonic suite formed during this compressional event. The Nelson plutonic suite consists chiefly of granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and local monzonite plutons that yield isotopic ages mainly of 185 to 155 Ma and exhibit local crustal inheritance (Parrish and others, 1988; Woodsworth and others, 1992). Formed in the Nelson plutonic suite was the Rossland (RL) metallogenic belt of Au-Ag polymetallic vein deposits. Forming nearby in the Francois Lake plutonic suite was the Francois Lake (FL) metallogenic belt of porphyry Mo deposits. Forming in the nearby Kootenay terrane was the Cariboo (CB) belt of Au quartz vein deposits. By the Late Jurassic (about 155 Ma), detritus from this emergent orogenic welt in the eastern Canadian Cordillera was shed eastwards onto the North American Craton Margin (Cant, 1989). (14) The extensive Gravina island arc was initiated along the length of the Wrangellia superterrane. Remnants of the arc are preserved in the Kahiltna (kh) and Gravina-Nutzotin-Gambier (gg) overlap assemblages that occur only on the Wrangellia superterrane. Forming in the Gravina arc were the Eastern-Southern Alaska (ESA) metallogenic belt, which contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits, and the continuity of the Island Porphyry (IP) belt, which contains granitic-magmatismrelated deposits. Tectonically linked to the arc was subduction of part of the Farallon oceanic plate (FAR) to form the Chugach (CG), Bridge River (BR), Easton (EA), and Baker (BA) terranes.
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
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Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
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Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
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in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
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study) consists of lenses, from 100
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Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
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ock, including coarse clastic rock,
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lative metalliferous brines in a re
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Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
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suite of deposits and host rocks ar
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margin of the North American Craton
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newly created terranes migrated int
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(Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
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tonnes Au and an average grade of a
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mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
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intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
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mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
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(Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
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ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
Page 93 and 94: (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
Page 95 and 96: Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
Page 97 and 98: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 99 and 100: Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
Page 101 and 102: and barite in siliceous black turbi
Page 103 and 104: Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
Page 105 and 106: (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
Page 107 and 108: South of the main east-west-trendin
Page 109 and 110: ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
Page 111 and 112: icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
Page 113 and 114: Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
Page 115 and 116: Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
Page 117 and 118: 32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
Page 119 and 120: superterrane, consists mainly of ma
Page 121 and 122: ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
Page 123 and 124: mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
Page 125 and 126: a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
Page 127 and 128: potassic zone. Combined estimated p
Page 129 and 130: and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
Page 131 and 132: and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
Page 133 and 134: in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
Page 135 and 136: minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
Page 137 and 138: supergene blanket are interpreted a
Page 139 and 140: deposits and occurrences consist of
Page 141 and 142: onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
Page 143: superterrane. This belt is interpre
Page 147 and 148: quartz, and is virtually not associ
Page 149 and 150: deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
Page 151 and 152: Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
Page 153 and 154: The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
Page 155 and 156: in a island arc that was tectonical
Page 157 and 158: and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
Page 159 and 160: The deposit consists of disseminate
Page 161 and 162: The Orange Hill deposit contains an
Page 163 and 164: 49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
Page 165 and 166: locally Late Triassic marine volcan
Page 167 and 168: gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
Page 169 and 170: Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
Page 171 and 172: metallogenic belts are interpreted
Page 173 and 174: assemblages, which may have been mo
Page 175 and 176: during hypogene and supergene alter
Page 177 and 178: collision and regional thrusting, t
Page 179 and 180: Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
Page 181 and 182: phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
Page 183 and 184: sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
Page 185 and 186: Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
Page 187 and 188: that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
Page 189 and 190: Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
Page 191 and 192: y partly coeval plutons that range
Page 193 and 194: tion is interpreted as occuring by
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the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
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and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
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as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
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source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
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2000). The spatial location of the
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to the east in the central Yukon Te
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occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
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The Emerald deposit has produced ap
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
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cham oceans were closed, and the Ch
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greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
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composition magmatic bodies (with a
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to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
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quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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thermally altered to siliceous and
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These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
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pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
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content decreases with depth, as do
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azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
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Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
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Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
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with high-temperature and high-pres
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chalcocite and covellite and also h
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cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
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(6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
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sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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groups of deposits are interpreted
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Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
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and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
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Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
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A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
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Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
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deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
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others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
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tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
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with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
Page 283 and 284:
Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
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Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
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ish Columbia and consists of severa
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during back-arc extension or transt
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stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
Page 295 and 296:
Specific Events for Early to Middle
Page 297 and 298:
of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
Page 301 and 302:
dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
Page 305 and 306:
plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
Page 307 and 308:
stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
Page 309 and 310:
mon. The deposit is of medium size
Page 311 and 312:
Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 313 and 314:
The origin of the Hg deposits of th
Page 315 and 316:
margin or island-arc tectonic envir
Page 317 and 318:
Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
Page 319 and 320:
Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
Page 321 and 322:
Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
Page 323 and 324:
Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
Page 325 and 326:
Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
Page 327 and 328:
Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
Page 329 and 330:
U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
Page 331 and 332:
Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
Page 333 and 334:
Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
Page 335 and 336:
Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
Page 337 and 338:
Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
Page 339 and 340:
Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
Page 341 and 342:
Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
Page 343 and 344:
Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
Page 345 and 346:
Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
Page 347 and 348:
Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
Page 351 and 352:
Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
Page 353 and 354:
Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
Page 355 and 356:
Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
Page 357 and 358:
Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
Page 359 and 360:
Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
Page 363 and 364:
formation occurrences: Materialy po
Page 365 and 366:
Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
Page 367 and 368:
Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
Page 369 and 370:
Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
Page 373 and 374:
Table 2 Summary of correlations and
Page 375 and 376:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 377 and 378:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 379 and 380:
Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
Page 381 and 382:
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
Page 401 and 402:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
Page 403 and 404:
Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
Page 405 and 406:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
Page 407 and 408:
Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
Page 409 and 410:
Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
Page 417 and 418:
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Page 421 and 422:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
Page 429:
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