USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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24 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, <strong>Alaska</strong>, and the Canadian Cordillera and Kootenay (KO) belts, which contain SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, are hosted in the North American Craton Margin or in the Yukon-Tanana and Kootenay continental-margin terranes, which are interpreted as having been rifted from the North American Craton Margin. These belts are interpreted as forming during rifting of early Paleozoic (Cambrian) North American Continental-Margin. (6) In southeastern <strong>Alaska</strong>, the Prince of Wales Island (PW) porphyry Cu and polymetallic vein deposits, which are hosted in the Alexander sequence of the Wrangellia superterrane, are interpreted as forming in a short-lived continental-margin arc. In the below descriptions of metallogenic belts, a few of the notable or significant lode deposits are described for each belt. table 4, which is adapted and revised from Nokleberg and others (1997a), provides a complete listing of significant lode deposits in each metallogenic belt. Metallogenic Belts Formed During Early Paleozoic Marine Sedimentation in Rifted Fragments of Gondwandaland Supercontinent Voznesenka Metallogenic Belt of Korean Pb-Zn Deposits (Belt VZ), Southern Russian Southeast The Voznesenka metallogenic belt of Korean Pb-Zn massive sulfide deposits (fig. 2; tables 3, 4) occurs in the southern part of the Russian Southeast. The belt is hosted in the Voznesenka terrane of the Khanka superterrane, a fragment of a Paleozoic active continental-margin arc (Androsov and Ratkin, 1990; Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c; Khanchuk and others, 1996, 1998; Ryazantseva, 1988). The significant deposits are at Voznesenka-I and Chernyshevskoe (table 4) (Nokleberg and others 1997a,b, 1998). The massive sulfide ores generally occur conformable to organic-rich, bituminous limestones near a contact with overlying marl. Banded magnetite ore associated with algae bioherms is a peculiarity of the stratiform deposits of the Voznesenka metallogenic belt. Voznesenka-I Korean Pb-Zn Deposit The Voznesenka-I (Korean Pb-Zn deposit (fig. 8) (Androsov and Ratkin, 1990; Ryazantseva, 1988) consists of massive and thick-banded sphalerite and magnetite-sphalerite layers in bedded Early Cambrian limestone turbidite. The ore bodies are lenticular, 1-2 m thick, 20 to 100 m long, and occur in dolomitic limestone and marl. The sulfide bodies and host rocks are folded and regionally metamorphosed. The sulfide bodies were locally altered to skarn and greisen during emplacement of a Silurian granitic stock that intrudes the carbonate unit. The deposit is of medium size with an average grade of 4 percent Zn. Chernyshevskoe Korean Pb-Zn Deposit The nearby Chernyshevskoe Korean Pb-Zn deposit (Bazhanov, 1988; Ryazantseva, 1988) consists of sheeted pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite-pyrite-galena-sphalerite bodies that occur at the contact of a limestone sequence with overlying Early Cambrian siltstone. Rare conformable zones of disseminated sulfide mineralization occur within the limestone away from the contact. The sulfide bodies are 1 to 2 m thick, with a surface exposure 100 to 200 m long. The deposit was drilled to a depth of about 100 m. The deposit is small with an average grade of 1.5-6.5 percent Pb and 0.7 to 2.5 percent Zn. Both the Voznesenka-I and Chernyshevskoe deposits were formerly interpreted as skarns and were previously not evaluated properly. Locally abundant sedimentary-exhalative siliceous rocks have anomalously high F, B, and Zn values. Origin of and Tectonic Controls for Voznesenka Metallogenic Belt The Cambrian through Silurian units of the Voznesenka terrane consists are (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c; Khanchuk and others, 1996, 1998) (1) Cambrian sandstone, pelitic schist, rhyolite, felsic tuff, and limestone and dolomite that together are as much as several thousand meters thick, are intensely deformed, (2) Ordovician collision-related biotite and Li-F protolithionite granitoid rocks with Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages 450 Ma (Belyatsky and others, 1999), and (3) Ordovician to Early Silurian conglomerate and sandstone with questionable-age flora. The limestone turbidites hosting the Voznesenka-I and Chernyshevskoe Korean Zn-Pb deposits are interpreted as forming on the upper part of an Early Cambrian continental slope. The limestone turbidite and other Cambrian sedimentary and volcanic units of the Voznesenka terrane are interpreted as a fragment of a Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic carbonate-rich sedimentary rock sequence that formed on a passive continental margin. Archaeocyathid fauna in Cambrian limestone is related to the Australia paleogeographic province. The Voznesenka terrane probably was a part of the passive continental margin of Gondwanaland (Khanchuk and others, 1998). Similar stratiform Cambrian Zn deposits occur in fragments of Gondwanaland in Africa and South America. Kabarga Metallogenic Belt of Ironstone Superior Fe) Deposits (Belt KB), Southern Russian Southeast The Kabarga metallogenic belt of ironstone (Superior Fe) deposits (fig. 2; tables 3, 4) occurs in the southern part of the Primorye province in the Russian Southeast and is hosted in the Kabarga terrane of the Khankha superterrane (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c). The belt is defined principally by a group of ironstone deposits at Ussuri that consist of beds of magnetite- and hematite-magnetite-bearing chert that occur in a sequence of Early Cambrian clastic-carbonate rocks that overlie Early Cambrian dolomite (Denisova, 1990; Nokleberg and others 1997a,b, 1998). Magnetite and hematite layers also occur along the layering planes between chert and intercalated with quartz-sericite-chlorite and quartz-sericite schist and dolomite. The upper part of the Fe deposit is oxidized, and contains Mn deposits, mainly pyrolusite, which occur
in addition to the Fe deposits. Mineralogic and geochemical studies suggest an exhalative-sedimentary origin. The deposits are generally small, with Fe contents that range from 24 to 39 percent). The Kabarga metallogenic belt of ironstone (Superior Fe) is hosted in the Kabarga terrane of Khanka superterrane (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c). The ironstone deposits occur in Cambrian siliceous limestone, limestone, graphitic pelitic shale, ferromanganese and phosphate layers, and dolomite. The rocks are intensively deformed. The stratigraphic thickness is as much as 1 km. The older units of the Kabarga terrane, which underlie the deposits described above, consist of highly metamorphosed and deformed marble, calc-schist, gneiss, and quartzite, which exhibit granulite and amphibolite-facies metamorphism, and yield a Rb-Sr whole-rock isotopic age of greater than 1,517 Ma. Younger units consist of Silurian sandstone, limestone, Silurian collisional-related granitoid plutons, Permian basalt, andesite, and rhyolite, and Early Triassic sandstone. The Khanka superterrane is inter- Voznesenka I Voznesenka II Cambrian through Silurian Metallogenic Belts (570 to 408 Ma) 25 preted as a fragment of a Paleozoic continental-margin arc (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c). In the Early Cretaceous, the Khanka superterrane was accreted to the eastern margin of Asia. Metallogenic Belts Formed During Early Paleozoic Sedimentation or Marine Volcanism in Manchurid or Altaid Orogenic Systems South Khingan Metallogenic Belt of Ironstone (Superior Fe) Deposits (Belt SK), Southern Russian Southeast The South Khingan metallogenic belt of ironstone (Superior Fe) deposits (fig. 2; tables 3, 4) occurs in the southwestern parts of the Khabarovsk province in the Russian Southeast in the Malokhingansk terrane of the Bureya superterrane. The Basalt and andesite dikes (Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary) Granite porphyry (Late Paleozoic) Diorite (Middle Paleozoic) Li-F granite (Early Paleozoic) Slate and siltstone Slate, siltstone, chert Black limestone and dolomitic limestone Dolostone and limestone Skarn Fluorite-bearing greisen (fluorite ore) Cambrian massive sulfide ore Figure 8. Voznesenka-I Korean Zn massive sulfide deposit (Voznesenka metallogenic belt) and Voznesenka-II fluorite greisen deposit, Yaroslavka metallogenic belt, Russian Southeast. Schematic geologic map. Adapted from Ratkin (1995). See figure 2 and table 4 for location. Fault Contact 0 1 km Early Cambrian
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
Page 3 and 4:
U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
Page 5 and 6: iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
Page 7 and 8: vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
Page 9 and 10: viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
Page 11 and 12: x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
Page 13 and 14: xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
Page 15 and 16: xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
Page 17 and 18: xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
Page 19 and 20: xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
Page 21 and 22: xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
Page 23 and 24: xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
Page 25 and 26: xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
Page 27 and 28: xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
Page 29 and 30: xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
Page 31 and 32: xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
Page 33 and 34: Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
Page 35 and 36: format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
Page 37 and 38: logenesis of the region (1) subduct
Page 39 and 40: Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
Page 41 and 42: dilemma consists of two conflicting
Page 43 and 44: 2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
Page 45 and 46: Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
Page 47 and 48: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 49 and 50: Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
Page 51 and 52: as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
Page 53 and 54: Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
Page 55: Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
Page 59 and 60: study) consists of lenses, from 100
Page 61 and 62: Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
Page 63 and 64: ock, including coarse clastic rock,
Page 65 and 66: lative metalliferous brines in a re
Page 67 and 68: Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
Page 69 and 70: suite of deposits and host rocks ar
Page 71 and 72: margin of the North American Craton
Page 73 and 74: newly created terranes migrated int
Page 75 and 76: (Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
Page 77 and 78: tonnes Au and an average grade of a
Page 79 and 80: mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
Page 81 and 82: intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
Page 85 and 86: mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
Page 87 and 88: (Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
Page 91 and 92: ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
Page 93 and 94: (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
Page 95 and 96: Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
Page 99 and 100: Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
Page 101 and 102: and barite in siliceous black turbi
Page 103 and 104: Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
Page 105 and 106: (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
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South of the main east-west-trendin
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ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
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icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
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Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
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Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
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32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
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superterrane, consists mainly of ma
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ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
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mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
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a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
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potassic zone. Combined estimated p
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and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
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and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
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in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
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minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
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supergene blanket are interpreted a
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deposits and occurrences consist of
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onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
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superterrane. This belt is interpre
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to form along the leading edge of t
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quartz, and is virtually not associ
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deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
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Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
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The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
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in a island arc that was tectonical
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and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
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The deposit consists of disseminate
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The Orange Hill deposit contains an
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49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
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locally Late Triassic marine volcan
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gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
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Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
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metallogenic belts are interpreted
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assemblages, which may have been mo
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during hypogene and supergene alter
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collision and regional thrusting, t
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Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
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phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
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sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
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Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
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that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
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y partly coeval plutons that range
Page 193 and 194:
tion is interpreted as occuring by
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the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
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and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
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as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
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source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
Page 203 and 204:
2000). The spatial location of the
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to the east in the central Yukon Te
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occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
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The Emerald deposit has produced ap
Page 211 and 212:
Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
Page 213 and 214:
cham oceans were closed, and the Ch
Page 215 and 216:
greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
Page 217 and 218:
composition magmatic bodies (with a
Page 219 and 220:
Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
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quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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thermally altered to siliceous and
Page 227 and 228:
These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
Page 229 and 230:
Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 231 and 232:
Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
Page 235 and 236:
pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
Page 237 and 238:
content decreases with depth, as do
Page 239 and 240:
azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
Page 241 and 242:
Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
Page 243 and 244:
Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
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with high-temperature and high-pres
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chalcocite and covellite and also h
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cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
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(6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
Page 253 and 254:
sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
Page 255 and 256:
Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 257 and 258:
groups of deposits are interpreted
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Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
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and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
Page 267 and 268:
wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
Page 269 and 270:
Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
Page 271 and 272:
A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
Page 273 and 274:
Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
Page 275 and 276:
deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
Page 277 and 278:
others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
Page 279 and 280:
tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
Page 281 and 282:
with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
Page 283 and 284:
Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
Page 285 and 286:
Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
Page 287 and 288:
ish Columbia and consists of severa
Page 289 and 290:
during back-arc extension or transt
Page 291 and 292:
stocks and dikes, is associated wit
Page 293 and 294:
etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
Page 295 and 296:
Specific Events for Early to Middle
Page 297 and 298:
of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
Page 299 and 300:
sists of a mineralized fracture zon
Page 301 and 302:
dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
Page 303 and 304:
elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
Page 305 and 306:
plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
Page 307 and 308:
stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
Page 309 and 310:
mon. The deposit is of medium size
Page 311 and 312:
Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 313 and 314:
The origin of the Hg deposits of th
Page 315 and 316:
margin or island-arc tectonic envir
Page 317 and 318:
Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
Page 319 and 320:
Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
Page 321 and 322:
Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
Page 323 and 324:
Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
Page 325 and 326:
Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
Page 327 and 328:
Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
Page 329 and 330:
U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
Page 331 and 332:
Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
Page 333 and 334:
Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
Page 335 and 336:
Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
Page 337 and 338:
Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
Page 339 and 340:
Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
Page 341 and 342:
Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
Page 343 and 344:
Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
Page 345 and 346:
Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
Page 347 and 348:
Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
Page 351 and 352:
Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
Page 353 and 354:
Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
Page 355 and 356:
Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
Page 357 and 358:
Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
Page 359 and 360:
Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
Page 363 and 364:
formation occurrences: Materialy po
Page 365 and 366:
Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
Page 367 and 368:
Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
Page 369 and 370:
Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
Page 373 and 374:
Table 2 Summary of correlations and
Page 375 and 376:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 377 and 378:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 379 and 380:
Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
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Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
Page 401 and 402:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
Page 403 and 404:
Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
Page 405 and 406:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
Page 407 and 408:
Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
Page 409 and 410:
Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
Page 417 and 418:
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Page 421 and 422:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
Page 429:
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