Programming PHP

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It grabs all the config.m4 files and creates a single configure script that contains all the configure switches. This means that each extension needs to implement its own configure checks to check for whatever dependencies and system-level features might be needed to build the extension. These checks are done through autoconf macros and general m4 scripting in the config.m4 file. Your best bet is probably to look at some of the existing config.m4 files in the various PHP extensions to see how different types of checks are done. No External Dependencies Here is a sample from the simple EXIF extension, which has no external dependencies: dnl config.m4 for extension exif PHP_ARG_ENABLE(exif, whether to enable exif support, [ --enable-exif Enable exif support]) if test "$PHP_EXIF" != "no"; then AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXIF, 1, [Whether you want exif support]) PHP_EXTENSION(exif, $ext_shared) fi The dnl string indicates a comment line. Here we define HAVE_EXIF if --enable-exif was given. In our exif.c code, we then surround the whole file with: #if HAVE_EXIF ... #endif This ensures that no EXIF functionality is compiled in unless the feature was requested. The PHP_EXTENSION line enables this extension to be compiled as a shared, dynamically loadable extension using --enable-exif=shared. External Dependencies The libswf extension (which builds Flash animations) requires the libswf library. To enable it, configure PHP with --with-swf. The config.m4 file for libswf must find the library if it wasn’t supplied via --with-swf=/path/to/lib: for the libswf extension. dnl config.m4 for extension libswf PHP_ARG_WITH(swf, for libswf support, [ --with-swf[=DIR] Include swf support]) if test "$PHP_SWF" != "no"; then if test -r $PHP_SWF/lib/libswf.a; then SWF_DIR=$PHP_SWF else AC_MSG_CHECKING(for libswf in default path) for i in /usr/local /usr; do if test -r $i/lib/libswf.a; then 328 | Chapter 14: Extending PHP This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
SWF_DIR=$i AC_MSG_RESULT(found in $i) fi done fi if test -z "$SWF_DIR"; then AC_MSG_RESULT(not found) AC_MSG_ERROR(Please reinstall the libswf distribution - swf.h should be /include and libswf.a should be in /lib) fi PHP_ADD_INCLUDE($SWF_DIR/include) PHP_SUBST(SWF_SHARED_LIBADD) PHP_ADD_LIBRARY_WITH_PATH(swf, $SWF_DIR/lib, SWF_SHARED_LIBADD) AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SWF,1,[ ]) PHP_EXTENSION(swf, $ext_shared) fi The AC_MSG_CHECKING( ) macro is used to make configure print a message about what it’s checking for. When we’ve found the include files, we add them to PHP’s standard include search path with the PHP_ADD_INCLUDE( ) macro. When we find the SWF shared libraries, we add them to the library search path and ensure that we link them into the final binary through the PHP_ADD_LIBRARY_WITH_PATH( ) macro. Things can get a lot more complex than this once you start worrying about different versions of libraries and different platforms. For a very complex example, see the GD library’s config.m4 in ext/gd/config.m4. Memory Management In C, you always have to worry about memory management. This still holds true when writing PHP extensions in C, but the extension API provides you with a safety net and some helpful debugging facilities if you use the API’s memory-management wrapper functions (you are strongly encouraged to do so). The wrapper functions are: emalloc( ) efree( ) estrdup( ) estrndup( ) ecalloc( ) erealloc( ) These work exactly like the native C counterparts after which they are named. One of the features you get by using emalloc( ) is a safety net for memory leaks. If you emalloc( ) something and forget to efree( ) it, PHP prints a leak warning like this if you are running in debug mode (enabled by compiling PHP with the --enabledebug switch): foo.c(123) : Freeing 0x0821E5FC (20 bytes), script=foo.php Last leak repeated 1 time This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Memory Management | 329
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Programming PHP
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Programming PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf a
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Colophon Our look is the result of
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Accessing Individual Characters 79
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Concealing PHP Libraries 293 PHP Co
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clarify the explanations, and the p
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There is a web page for this book,
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Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 Language Basics
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Comments Comments give information
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*/ echo("l=$l m=$m n=$n\n"); ?> Now
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change. Constants are referred to b
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PHP recognizes floating-point numbe
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• The empty string ("") and the s
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Chapter 6 describes classes and obj
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The old value of $black is lost. In
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update_counter( ); update_counter(
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Table 2-3. PHP operators P A Operat
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The division and multiplication ope
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Autoincrement and Autodecrement Ope
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Bitwise Operators The bitwise opera
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something is true. For example, you
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Because all operators are required
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if The if statement checks the trut
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A switch statement is given an expr
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if ($i == 5) break; // breaks out o
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This program adds the numbers from
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loops, and complain if the file bei
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XML Style Because of the advent of
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and other such niceties. Some will
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Functions A fun
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Typically, functions return some va
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As we discussed in Chapter 2, the e
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Example 3-5. Doubler redux function
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Missing Parameters PHP lets you be
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Anonymous Functions Some PHP functi
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echo "$who was $where"; Kilroy was
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As a special case, you can put a se
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• A padding specifier denoting th
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Boolean values and NULL are not mea
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Changing Case PHP has several funct
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The quote_style and charset argumen
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Query-string encoding The urlencode
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The comparison operators (=) also w
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The Levenshtein algorithm calculate
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The str_repeat( ) function takes a
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print_r($a);Array ( [0] => Fred [1]
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The c in strcspn( ) stands for comp
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These three kinds of patterns can b
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Subpatterns You can use parentheses
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Table 4-8. POSIX anchors Anchor Mat
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Example 4-1. Credit-card validator
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Character Classes Perl-style regula
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Trailing Options Perl-style regular
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A simple use of positive lookahead
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For example: preg_match('/y.*e$/',
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Pass an array of strings as subject
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Quoting for regular expressions The
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Identifying Elements of an Array Yo
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array is almost always a programmer
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Two or more consecutive commas in t
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echo "true!\n"; } if (array_key_exi
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EXTR_PREFIX_SAME, which says that t
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echo "$key is $value\n"; } 0 is spa
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The default argument, if provided,
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you need to answer questions like
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Example 5-3. Sorting arrays (contin
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Here’s how to randomize the order
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Sets Arrays let you implement the b
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Here’s the output from Example 5-
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Terminology Everyobject-oriented la
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You can use variable variables with
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} function set_name ($new_name) { $
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The object created bythe Person con
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Example 6-1. Displaying all declare
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Example 6-2. Object introspection f
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Here are some sample classes and ob
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PHP has two hooks for objects durin
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Example 6-5 shows the file next.php
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the request contains a blank line,
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SERVER_NAME The hostname, DNS alias
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The biggest difference between GET
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Figure 7-1. The chunkify form and i
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Example 7-4. Temperature conversion
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Example 7-6. Multiple selection val
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Example 7-8. Sticky multivalued che
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Files are stored in the server’s
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“me@aol” by requiring an at sig
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To mark a document as already expir
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A third technique for maintaining s
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Example 7-10. Preference selection
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Session basics To enable sessions f
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Custom storage By default, PHP stor
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When a session is completed, the de
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Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 Databases PHP h
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columns, each of which has a name a
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Figure 8-1. The movie page the data
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$db = DB::connect($datasource); if
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string(4) "1962" ["name"]=> string(
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The executeMultiple( ) method takes
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echo "$k"; if (is_array($v)) { a_to
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Two HTML forms are needed to popula
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Example 8-3. Database connection ab
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Example 8-4. Backend administration
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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The business listings page is illus
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The series of requests sent by the
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many colors as you need. The latter
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image-generating function. Example
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Example 9-4. Adding text to an imag
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Example 9-6. Displaying vertical Tr
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Example 9-8. Caching dynamic button
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You can also take this a step furth
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For a signed integer, the leftmost
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True Color Color Indexes The color
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Chapter 10 CHAPTER 10 PDF Adobe’s
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Figure 10-1. Hello world in a PDF d
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Type, Content-Disposition, and Cont
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Example 10-3. Changing the origin (
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Example 10-4. Text alignment within
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Example 10-5. Changing text attribu
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usr/share/fonts FontAFM LuciduxSans
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Adding an image to a PDF document i
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Example 10-8. Nonproportional scali
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Figure 10-9. A sample path The pdf_
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The width and height parameters spe
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Example 10-11. Using a template Th
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Example 10-12. Using bookmarks and
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Example 10-13. Specifying a link (c
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Figure 10-16. Closed note The conte
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In HTML, you often have an open tag
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Example 11-1. Generating an XML doc
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The end element handler is called w
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If your external entity reference h
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characters outside the target encod
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XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF XML_ERROR_BI
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Figure 11-2. Book details comment).
Page 277 and 278: Example 11-10. bookparse.xml (conti
Page 279 and 280: Example 11-12. News XSL transform
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Page 285 and 286: Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Security PHP
Page 287 and 288: These directives ensure that PHP er
Page 289 and 290: Restrict Filesystem Access to a Spe
Page 291 and 292: function or PHP’s copy( ) functio
Page 293 and 294: • Any system call (through functi
Page 295 and 296: You can globally disable particular
Page 297 and 298: Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13 Application T
Page 299 and 300: user.template. It uses the {DESTINA
Page 301 and 302: {ARTICLE} might be useful, as it wo
Page 303 and 304: } ob_start('rewrite'); ?> Visit our
Page 305 and 306: To turn off error reporting entirel
Page 307 and 308: Example 13-5. Log-rolling error han
Page 309 and 310: Before you begin optimization, ask
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Page 313 and 314: • Only include or require files t
Page 315 and 316: MySQL replication Sometimes the dat
Page 317 and 318: Chapter 14 CHAPTER 14 Extending PHP
Page 319 and 320: examples, and you are strongly enco
Page 321 and 322: int Integer/long long Same as int a
Page 323 and 324: zend_module_entry rot13_module_entr
Page 325 and 326: for(i=0, ch=arg; i= 'A')&&(*ch
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Page 333 and 334: For example: zval **old, *new; *new
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Page 339 and 340: Table 14-4. RETURN-related convenie
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Page 343 and 344: using SEPARATE_ZVAL( ), initializes
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Page 347 and 348: zend_hash_update(&EG(symbol_table),
Page 349 and 350: Resources A resource is a generic d
Page 351 and 352: Chapter 15 CHAPTER 15 PHP on Window
Page 353 and 354: 3. Windows 95/98/Me: the Windows sy
Page 355 and 356: Then explicitly load the module wit
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Page 359 and 360: External Commands PHP uses the defa
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Page 363 and 364: Figure 15-3. Gleaning syntax from W
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Page 369 and 370: Example 15-4. Querying Excel via OD
Page 371 and 372: • Applications that want to use t
Page 373: Example 15-5. Add new phone number,
Page 376 and 377: Files, directories, and filesystem
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addcslashes string addcslashes(stri
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array_merge array array_merge(array
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array_search mixed array_search(mix
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asort void asort(array array[, int
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call_user_func mixed call_user_func
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chown bool chown(string path, mixed
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cos double cos(double value) Return
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Any characters in the format string
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each array each(array array) Create
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Any number of these options can be
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fflush int fflush(int handle) Commi
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filemtime int filemtime(string path
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If include is specified and is true
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ftell int ftell(int handle) Returns
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get_current_user string get_current
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get_parent_class string get_parent_
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getmypid int getmypid( ) Returns th
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header void header(string header[,
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implode string implode(array string
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is_double bool is_double(mixed valu
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is_scalar bool is_scalar(mixed valu
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Calculates the Levenshtein distance
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log double log(double number) Retur
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mkdir int mkdir(string path, int mo
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number_format string number_format(
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openlog int openlog(string identity
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parse_url array parse_url(string ur
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phpinfo void phpinfo([int what]) Ou
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printf int printf(string format[, m
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eaddir string readdir(int handle) R
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ound double round(double number[, i
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setlocale string setlocale(mixed ca
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sort void sort(array array[, int fl
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str_pad string str_pad(string strin
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%H Hour in 24-hour format, includin
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strncmp int strncmp(string one, str
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strtr string strtr(string string, s
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tmpfile int tmpfile( ) Creates a te
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unregister_tick_function void unreg
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wordwrap string wordwrap(string str
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old versions of aspell, you should
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DBM For very simple database instal
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Hyperwave Hyperwave is a database f
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mcrypt This extension provides an i
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pdflib pdflib provides support for
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Sybase This extension provides supp
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Symbols & (ampersand) &= (bitwise A
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| (vertical bar) |= (bitwise OR ass
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aspell PHP library, 457 assert() fu
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checksums mhash library, 464 valida
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cryptography mcrypt extension, 464
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DTD (Document Type Definition), 263
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System V Semaphores and Shared memo
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calling, 61 for each array element,
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H hash mark (#) in comments, 19 hea
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interlacing GIF images, 246 interna
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masks, using in string searches, 94
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serialization of, 153-157, 438 _ _s
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pdf_open_file() function, 234 pdf_p
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with echo, 76 with print() function
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S Sablotron C library (XSLT support
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sql_regcase() function, 443 sqrt()
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tan() function, 451 target encoding
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function parameters, 33 functions f
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xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handle
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