Programming PHP

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Programming PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf and Kevin Tatroe with Bob Kaehms and Ric McGredy Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly & Associates books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Nathan Torkington and Paula Ferguson Production Editor: Rachel Wheeler Cover Designer: Ellie Volckhausen Interior Designer: Melanie Wang Printing History: March 2002: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the image of a cuckoo and PHP is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 1-56592-610-2 [M]
About the Authors Rasmus Lerdorf was born in Godhavn/Qeqertarsuaq on Disco Island, off the coast of Greenland, in 1968. He has been dabbling with Unix-based solutions since 1985. He is known for having gotten the PHP project off the ground in 1995, and he can be blamed for the ANSI-92 SQL-defying LIMIT clause in mSQL 1.x, which has now, at least conceptually, crept into both MySQL and PostgreSQL. Rasmus tends to deny being a programmer, preferring to be seen as a techie who is adept at solving problems. If the solution requires a bit of coding and he can’t trick somebody else into writing the code, he will reluctantly give in and write it himself. He currently lives near San Francisco with his wife Christine. Kevin Tatroe has been a Macintosh and Unix programmer for 10 years. Being lazy, he’s attracted to languages and frameworks that do much of the work for you, such as the AppleScript, Perl, and PHP languages and the WebObjects and Cocoa programming environments. Kevin, his wife Jenn, his son Hadden, and their two cats live on the edge of the rural plains of Colorado, just far away enough from the mountains to avoid the worst snowfall, and just close enough to avoid tornadoes. The house is filled with LEGO creations, action figures, and numerous other toys. Bob Kaehms has spent most of his professional career working with computers. After a prolonged youth that he stretched into his late 20s as a professional scuba diver, ski patroller, and lifeguard, he went to work as a scientific programmer for Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Frustrations with the lack of information-sharing within the defense industry led him first to groupware and then to the Web. Bob helped found the Internet Archive, where as Director of Computing he was responsible for the first full backup of all publicly available data on the Internet. Bob also served as Editor in Chief of Web Techniques Magazine, the leading technical magazine for web developers. He is presently CTO at Media Net Link, Inc. Bob has a degree in applied mathematics, and he uses that training to study the chaos that exists around his house. Ric McGredy founded Media Net Link, Inc. in 1994, after long stints at Bank of America, Apple Computer, and Sun Microsystems, to pursue excellence in customerfocused web-service construction and deployment. While he has been known to crank out a line or two of code, Ric prides himself first and foremost as being business-focused and on integrating technology into the business enterprise with high reliability at a reasonable cost. Ric received a BA in French from Ohio Wesleyan University and has been involved in the accounting and information-technology disciplines for over 25 years. Ric lives near San Francisco with his wife Sally and five children.
Page 2 and 3: Programming PHP
Page 6 and 7: Colophon Our look is the result of
Page 8 and 9: Accessing Individual Characters 79
Page 10 and 11: Concealing PHP Libraries 293 PHP Co
Page 12 and 13: clarify the explanations, and the p
Page 14 and 15: There is a web page for this book,
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 Language Basics
Page 19 and 20: Comments Comments give information
Page 21 and 22: */ echo("l=$l m=$m n=$n\n"); ?> Now
Page 23 and 24: change. Constants are referred to b
Page 25 and 26: PHP recognizes floating-point numbe
Page 27 and 28: • The empty string ("") and the s
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 6 describes classes and obj
Page 31 and 32: The old value of $black is lost. In
Page 33 and 34: update_counter( ); update_counter(
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-3. PHP operators P A Operat
Page 37 and 38: The division and multiplication ope
Page 39 and 40: Autoincrement and Autodecrement Ope
Page 41 and 42: Bitwise Operators The bitwise opera
Page 43 and 44: something is true. For example, you
Page 45 and 46: Because all operators are required
Page 47 and 48: if The if statement checks the trut
Page 49 and 50: A switch statement is given an expr
Page 51 and 52: if ($i == 5) break; // breaks out o
Page 53 and 54: This program adds the numbers from
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loops, and complain if the file bei
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XML Style Because of the advent of
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and other such niceties. Some will
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Functions A fun
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Typically, functions return some va
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As we discussed in Chapter 2, the e
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Example 3-5. Doubler redux function
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Missing Parameters PHP lets you be
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Anonymous Functions Some PHP functi
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echo "$who was $where"; Kilroy was
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As a special case, you can put a se
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• A padding specifier denoting th
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Boolean values and NULL are not mea
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Changing Case PHP has several funct
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The quote_style and charset argumen
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Query-string encoding The urlencode
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The comparison operators (=) also w
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The Levenshtein algorithm calculate
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The str_repeat( ) function takes a
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print_r($a);Array ( [0] => Fred [1]
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The c in strcspn( ) stands for comp
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These three kinds of patterns can b
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Subpatterns You can use parentheses
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Table 4-8. POSIX anchors Anchor Mat
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Example 4-1. Credit-card validator
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Character Classes Perl-style regula
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Trailing Options Perl-style regular
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A simple use of positive lookahead
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For example: preg_match('/y.*e$/',
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Pass an array of strings as subject
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Quoting for regular expressions The
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Identifying Elements of an Array Yo
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array is almost always a programmer
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Two or more consecutive commas in t
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echo "true!\n"; } if (array_key_exi
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EXTR_PREFIX_SAME, which says that t
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echo "$key is $value\n"; } 0 is spa
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The default argument, if provided,
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you need to answer questions like
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Example 5-3. Sorting arrays (contin
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Here’s how to randomize the order
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Sets Arrays let you implement the b
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Here’s the output from Example 5-
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Terminology Everyobject-oriented la
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You can use variable variables with
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} function set_name ($new_name) { $
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The object created bythe Person con
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Example 6-1. Displaying all declare
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Example 6-2. Object introspection f
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Here are some sample classes and ob
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PHP has two hooks for objects durin
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Example 6-5 shows the file next.php
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the request contains a blank line,
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SERVER_NAME The hostname, DNS alias
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The biggest difference between GET
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Figure 7-1. The chunkify form and i
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Example 7-4. Temperature conversion
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Example 7-6. Multiple selection val
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Example 7-8. Sticky multivalued che
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Files are stored in the server’s
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“me@aol” by requiring an at sig
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To mark a document as already expir
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A third technique for maintaining s
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Example 7-10. Preference selection
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Session basics To enable sessions f
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Custom storage By default, PHP stor
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When a session is completed, the de
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Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 Databases PHP h
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columns, each of which has a name a
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Figure 8-1. The movie page the data
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$db = DB::connect($datasource); if
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string(4) "1962" ["name"]=> string(
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The executeMultiple( ) method takes
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echo "$k"; if (is_array($v)) { a_to
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Two HTML forms are needed to popula
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Example 8-3. Database connection ab
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Example 8-4. Backend administration
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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The business listings page is illus
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The series of requests sent by the
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many colors as you need. The latter
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image-generating function. Example
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Example 9-4. Adding text to an imag
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Example 9-6. Displaying vertical Tr
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Example 9-8. Caching dynamic button
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You can also take this a step furth
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For a signed integer, the leftmost
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True Color Color Indexes The color
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Chapter 10 CHAPTER 10 PDF Adobe’s
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Figure 10-1. Hello world in a PDF d
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Type, Content-Disposition, and Cont
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Example 10-3. Changing the origin (
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Example 10-4. Text alignment within
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Example 10-5. Changing text attribu
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usr/share/fonts FontAFM LuciduxSans
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Adding an image to a PDF document i
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Example 10-8. Nonproportional scali
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Figure 10-9. A sample path The pdf_
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The width and height parameters spe
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Example 10-11. Using a template Th
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Example 10-12. Using bookmarks and
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Example 10-13. Specifying a link (c
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Figure 10-16. Closed note The conte
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In HTML, you often have an open tag
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Example 11-1. Generating an XML doc
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The end element handler is called w
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If your external entity reference h
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characters outside the target encod
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XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF XML_ERROR_BI
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Figure 11-2. Book details comment).
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Example 11-10. bookparse.xml (conti
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Example 11-12. News XSL transform
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more information). The xmlrpc exten
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equest, but it doesn’t know how t
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Security PHP
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These directives ensure that PHP er
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Restrict Filesystem Access to a Spe
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function or PHP’s copy( ) functio
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• Any system call (through functi
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You can globally disable particular
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Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13 Application T
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user.template. It uses the {DESTINA
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{ARTICLE} might be useful, as it wo
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} ob_start('rewrite'); ?> Visit our
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To turn off error reporting entirel
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Example 13-5. Log-rolling error han
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Before you begin optimization, ask
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changes you make to your code as yo
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• Only include or require files t
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MySQL replication Sometimes the dat
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Chapter 14 CHAPTER 14 Extending PHP
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examples, and you are strongly enco
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int Integer/long long Same as int a
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zend_module_entry rot13_module_entr
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for(i=0, ch=arg; i= 'A')&&(*ch
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if (extension_loaded($module)) { $s
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SWF_DIR=$i AC_MSG_RESULT(found in $
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If you compile the Apache module ve
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For example: zval **old, *new; *new
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The value returned from a PHP funct
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A More Complex Example Here’s an
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Table 14-4. RETURN-related convenie
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* ... */ }; PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(foo)
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using SEPARATE_ZVAL( ), initializes
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The struct looks like this in the p
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zend_hash_update(&EG(symbol_table),
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Resources A resource is a generic d
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Chapter 15 CHAPTER 15 PHP on Window
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3. Windows 95/98/Me: the Windows sy
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Then explicitly load the module wit
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un under IIS, you will need to reim
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External Commands PHP uses the defa
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This creates a reference (VT_BYREF)
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Figure 15-3. Gleaning syntax from W
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Now we can complete the invoice wit
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multiple Workbooks, each of which c
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Example 15-4. Querying Excel via OD
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• Applications that want to use t
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Example 15-5. Add new phone number,
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Files, directories, and filesystem
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addcslashes string addcslashes(stri
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array_merge array array_merge(array
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array_search mixed array_search(mix
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asort void asort(array array[, int
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call_user_func mixed call_user_func
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chown bool chown(string path, mixed
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cos double cos(double value) Return
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Any characters in the format string
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each array each(array array) Create
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Any number of these options can be
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fflush int fflush(int handle) Commi
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filemtime int filemtime(string path
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If include is specified and is true
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ftell int ftell(int handle) Returns
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get_current_user string get_current
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get_parent_class string get_parent_
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getmypid int getmypid( ) Returns th
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header void header(string header[,
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implode string implode(array string
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is_double bool is_double(mixed valu
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is_scalar bool is_scalar(mixed valu
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Calculates the Levenshtein distance
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log double log(double number) Retur
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mkdir int mkdir(string path, int mo
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number_format string number_format(
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openlog int openlog(string identity
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parse_url array parse_url(string ur
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phpinfo void phpinfo([int what]) Ou
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printf int printf(string format[, m
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eaddir string readdir(int handle) R
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ound double round(double number[, i
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setlocale string setlocale(mixed ca
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sort void sort(array array[, int fl
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str_pad string str_pad(string strin
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%H Hour in 24-hour format, includin
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strncmp int strncmp(string one, str
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strtr string strtr(string string, s
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tmpfile int tmpfile( ) Creates a te
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unregister_tick_function void unreg
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wordwrap string wordwrap(string str
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old versions of aspell, you should
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DBM For very simple database instal
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Hyperwave Hyperwave is a database f
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mcrypt This extension provides an i
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pdflib pdflib provides support for
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Sybase This extension provides supp
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Symbols & (ampersand) &= (bitwise A
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| (vertical bar) |= (bitwise OR ass
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aspell PHP library, 457 assert() fu
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checksums mhash library, 464 valida
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cryptography mcrypt extension, 464
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DTD (Document Type Definition), 263
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System V Semaphores and Shared memo
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calling, 61 for each array element,
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H hash mark (#) in comments, 19 hea
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interlacing GIF images, 246 interna
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masks, using in string searches, 94
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serialization of, 153-157, 438 _ _s
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pdf_open_file() function, 234 pdf_p
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with echo, 76 with print() function
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S Sablotron C library (XSLT support
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sql_regcase() function, 443 sqrt()
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tan() function, 451 target encoding
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function parameters, 33 functions f
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xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handle
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