Programming PHP

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Accessing Individual Characters 79 Cleaning Strings 80 Encoding and Escaping 81 Comparing Strings 86 Manipulating and Searching Strings 89 Regular Expressions 95 POSIX-Style Regular Expressions 99 Perl-Compatible Regular Expressions 103 5. Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Indexed Versus Associative Arrays 116 Identifying Elements of an Array 117 Storing Data in Arrays 117 Multidimensional Arrays 120 Extracting Multiple Values 120 Converting Between Arrays and Variables 124 Traversing Arrays 125 Sorting 130 Acting on Entire Arrays 135 Using Arrays 136 6. Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Terminology 141 Creating an Object 141 Accessing Properties and Methods 142 Declaring a Class 143 Introspection 147 Serialization 153 7. Web Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 HTTP Basics 158 Variables 159 Server Information 160 Processing Forms 162 Setting Response Headers 175 Maintaining State 178 SSL 188 vi | Table of Contents
8. Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Using <strong>PHP</strong> to Access a Database 189 Relational Databases and SQL 190 PEAR DB Basics 192 Advanced Database Techniques 197 Sample Application 202 9. Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Embedding an Image in a Page 214 The GD Extension 215 Basic Graphics Concepts 216 Creating and Drawing Images 217 Images with Text 220 Dynamically Generated Buttons 223 Scaling Images 227 Color Handling 228 10. PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 PDF Extensions 233 Documents and Pages 233 Text 237 Images and Graphics 246 Navigation 255 Other PDF Features 259 11. XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Lightning Guide to XML 262 Generating XML 264 Parsing XML 265 Transforming XML with XSLT 277 Web Services 280 12. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Global Variables and Form Data 285 Filenames 287 File Uploads 289 File Permissions 291 Table of Contents | vii
Page 2 and 3: Programming PHP
Page 4 and 5: Programming PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf a
Page 6 and 7: Colophon Our look is the result of
Page 10 and 11: Concealing PHP Libraries 293 PHP Co
Page 12 and 13: clarify the explanations, and the p
Page 14 and 15: There is a web page for this book,
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 Language Basics
Page 19 and 20: Comments Comments give information
Page 21 and 22: */ echo("l=$l m=$m n=$n\n"); ?> Now
Page 23 and 24: change. Constants are referred to b
Page 25 and 26: PHP recognizes floating-point numbe
Page 27 and 28: • The empty string ("") and the s
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 6 describes classes and obj
Page 31 and 32: The old value of $black is lost. In
Page 33 and 34: update_counter( ); update_counter(
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-3. PHP operators P A Operat
Page 37 and 38: The division and multiplication ope
Page 39 and 40: Autoincrement and Autodecrement Ope
Page 41 and 42: Bitwise Operators The bitwise opera
Page 43 and 44: something is true. For example, you
Page 45 and 46: Because all operators are required
Page 47 and 48: if The if statement checks the trut
Page 49 and 50: A switch statement is given an expr
Page 51 and 52: if ($i == 5) break; // breaks out o
Page 53 and 54: This program adds the numbers from
Page 55 and 56: loops, and complain if the file bei
Page 57 and 58: XML Style Because of the advent of
Page 59 and 60:
and other such niceties. Some will
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Functions A fun
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Typically, functions return some va
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As we discussed in Chapter 2, the e
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Example 3-5. Doubler redux function
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Missing Parameters PHP lets you be
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Anonymous Functions Some PHP functi
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echo "$who was $where"; Kilroy was
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As a special case, you can put a se
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• A padding specifier denoting th
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Boolean values and NULL are not mea
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Changing Case PHP has several funct
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The quote_style and charset argumen
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Query-string encoding The urlencode
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The comparison operators (=) also w
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The Levenshtein algorithm calculate
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The str_repeat( ) function takes a
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print_r($a);Array ( [0] => Fred [1]
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The c in strcspn( ) stands for comp
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These three kinds of patterns can b
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Subpatterns You can use parentheses
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Table 4-8. POSIX anchors Anchor Mat
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Example 4-1. Credit-card validator
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Character Classes Perl-style regula
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Trailing Options Perl-style regular
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A simple use of positive lookahead
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For example: preg_match('/y.*e$/',
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Pass an array of strings as subject
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Quoting for regular expressions The
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Identifying Elements of an Array Yo
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array is almost always a programmer
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Two or more consecutive commas in t
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echo "true!\n"; } if (array_key_exi
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EXTR_PREFIX_SAME, which says that t
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echo "$key is $value\n"; } 0 is spa
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The default argument, if provided,
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you need to answer questions like
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Example 5-3. Sorting arrays (contin
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Here’s how to randomize the order
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Sets Arrays let you implement the b
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Here’s the output from Example 5-
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Terminology Everyobject-oriented la
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You can use variable variables with
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} function set_name ($new_name) { $
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The object created bythe Person con
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Example 6-1. Displaying all declare
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Example 6-2. Object introspection f
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Here are some sample classes and ob
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PHP has two hooks for objects durin
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Example 6-5 shows the file next.php
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the request contains a blank line,
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SERVER_NAME The hostname, DNS alias
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The biggest difference between GET
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Figure 7-1. The chunkify form and i
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Example 7-4. Temperature conversion
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Example 7-6. Multiple selection val
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Example 7-8. Sticky multivalued che
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Files are stored in the server’s
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“me@aol” by requiring an at sig
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To mark a document as already expir
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A third technique for maintaining s
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Example 7-10. Preference selection
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Session basics To enable sessions f
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Custom storage By default, PHP stor
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When a session is completed, the de
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Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 Databases PHP h
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columns, each of which has a name a
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Figure 8-1. The movie page the data
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$db = DB::connect($datasource); if
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string(4) "1962" ["name"]=> string(
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The executeMultiple( ) method takes
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echo "$k"; if (is_array($v)) { a_to
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Two HTML forms are needed to popula
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Example 8-3. Database connection ab
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Example 8-4. Backend administration
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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The business listings page is illus
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The series of requests sent by the
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many colors as you need. The latter
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image-generating function. Example
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Example 9-4. Adding text to an imag
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Example 9-6. Displaying vertical Tr
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Example 9-8. Caching dynamic button
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You can also take this a step furth
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For a signed integer, the leftmost
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True Color Color Indexes The color
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Chapter 10 CHAPTER 10 PDF Adobe’s
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Figure 10-1. Hello world in a PDF d
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Type, Content-Disposition, and Cont
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Example 10-3. Changing the origin (
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Example 10-4. Text alignment within
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Example 10-5. Changing text attribu
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usr/share/fonts FontAFM LuciduxSans
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Adding an image to a PDF document i
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Example 10-8. Nonproportional scali
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Figure 10-9. A sample path The pdf_
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The width and height parameters spe
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Example 10-11. Using a template Th
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Example 10-12. Using bookmarks and
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Example 10-13. Specifying a link (c
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Figure 10-16. Closed note The conte
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In HTML, you often have an open tag
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Example 11-1. Generating an XML doc
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The end element handler is called w
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If your external entity reference h
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characters outside the target encod
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XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF XML_ERROR_BI
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Figure 11-2. Book details comment).
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Example 11-10. bookparse.xml (conti
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Example 11-12. News XSL transform
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more information). The xmlrpc exten
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equest, but it doesn’t know how t
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Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 Security PHP
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These directives ensure that PHP er
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Restrict Filesystem Access to a Spe
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function or PHP’s copy( ) functio
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• Any system call (through functi
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You can globally disable particular
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Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13 Application T
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user.template. It uses the {DESTINA
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{ARTICLE} might be useful, as it wo
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} ob_start('rewrite'); ?> Visit our
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To turn off error reporting entirel
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Example 13-5. Log-rolling error han
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Before you begin optimization, ask
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changes you make to your code as yo
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• Only include or require files t
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MySQL replication Sometimes the dat
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Chapter 14 CHAPTER 14 Extending PHP
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examples, and you are strongly enco
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int Integer/long long Same as int a
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zend_module_entry rot13_module_entr
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for(i=0, ch=arg; i= 'A')&&(*ch
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if (extension_loaded($module)) { $s
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SWF_DIR=$i AC_MSG_RESULT(found in $
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If you compile the Apache module ve
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For example: zval **old, *new; *new
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The value returned from a PHP funct
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A More Complex Example Here’s an
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Table 14-4. RETURN-related convenie
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* ... */ }; PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(foo)
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using SEPARATE_ZVAL( ), initializes
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The struct looks like this in the p
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zend_hash_update(&EG(symbol_table),
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Resources A resource is a generic d
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Chapter 15 CHAPTER 15 PHP on Window
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3. Windows 95/98/Me: the Windows sy
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Then explicitly load the module wit
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un under IIS, you will need to reim
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External Commands PHP uses the defa
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This creates a reference (VT_BYREF)
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Figure 15-3. Gleaning syntax from W
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Now we can complete the invoice wit
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multiple Workbooks, each of which c
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Example 15-4. Querying Excel via OD
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• Applications that want to use t
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Example 15-5. Add new phone number,
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Files, directories, and filesystem
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addcslashes string addcslashes(stri
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array_merge array array_merge(array
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array_search mixed array_search(mix
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asort void asort(array array[, int
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call_user_func mixed call_user_func
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chown bool chown(string path, mixed
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cos double cos(double value) Return
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Any characters in the format string
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each array each(array array) Create
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Any number of these options can be
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fflush int fflush(int handle) Commi
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filemtime int filemtime(string path
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If include is specified and is true
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ftell int ftell(int handle) Returns
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get_current_user string get_current
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get_parent_class string get_parent_
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getmypid int getmypid( ) Returns th
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header void header(string header[,
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implode string implode(array string
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is_double bool is_double(mixed valu
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is_scalar bool is_scalar(mixed valu
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Calculates the Levenshtein distance
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log double log(double number) Retur
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mkdir int mkdir(string path, int mo
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number_format string number_format(
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openlog int openlog(string identity
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parse_url array parse_url(string ur
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phpinfo void phpinfo([int what]) Ou
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printf int printf(string format[, m
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eaddir string readdir(int handle) R
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ound double round(double number[, i
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setlocale string setlocale(mixed ca
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sort void sort(array array[, int fl
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str_pad string str_pad(string strin
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%H Hour in 24-hour format, includin
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strncmp int strncmp(string one, str
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strtr string strtr(string string, s
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tmpfile int tmpfile( ) Creates a te
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unregister_tick_function void unreg
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wordwrap string wordwrap(string str
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old versions of aspell, you should
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DBM For very simple database instal
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Hyperwave Hyperwave is a database f
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mcrypt This extension provides an i
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pdflib pdflib provides support for
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Sybase This extension provides supp
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Symbols & (ampersand) &= (bitwise A
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| (vertical bar) |= (bitwise OR ass
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aspell PHP library, 457 assert() fu
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checksums mhash library, 464 valida
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cryptography mcrypt extension, 464
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DTD (Document Type Definition), 263
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System V Semaphores and Shared memo
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calling, 61 for each array element,
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H hash mark (#) in comments, 19 hea
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interlacing GIF images, 246 interna
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masks, using in string searches, 94
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serialization of, 153-157, 438 _ _s
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pdf_open_file() function, 234 pdf_p
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with echo, 76 with print() function
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S Sablotron C library (XSLT support
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sql_regcase() function, 443 sqrt()
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tan() function, 451 target encoding
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function parameters, 33 functions f
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xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handle
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