Programming PHP

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Along with this union, each container has a flag that holds the currently active type, whether it is a reference or not, and the reference count. So the actual pval/zval struct looks like this: struct _zval_struct { zvalue_value value; zend_uchar type; zend_uchar is_ref; zend_ushort refcount; }; Because this structure could change in future versions of <strong>PHP</strong>, be sure to use the various access functions and macros described in the following sections, rather than directly manipulating the container. MAKE_STD_ZVAL( ) The most basic of the pval/zval access macros provided by the extension API is the MAKE_STD_ZVAL( ) macro: zval *var; MAKE_STD_ZVAL(var); This does the following: • Allocates memory for the structure using emalloc( ) • Sets the container reference count to 1 • Sets the container is_ref flag to 0 At this point, the container has no value—effectively, its value is null. In the “Accessor Macros” section, we’ll see how to set a container’s value. SEPARATE_ZVAL( ) Another important macro is SEPARATE_ZVAL( ), used when implementing copy-onwrite kinds of behavior. This macro creates a separate copy of a zval container only if the structure to be changed has a reference count greater than 1. A reference count of 1 means that nothing else has a pointer to this zval, so we can change it directly and don’t need to copy off a new zval to change. Assuming a copy needs to be made, SEPARATE_ZVAL( ) decrements the reference count on the existing zval, allocates a new one, and does a deep copy of whatever value is stored in the original zval to the fresh copy. It then sets the reference count to 1 and is_ref to 0, just like MAKE_STD_ZVAL( ). zval_copy_ctor( ) If you just want to make a deep copy directly and manage your own reference counts, you can call the zval_copy_ctor( ) function directly. 332 | Chapter 14: Extending <strong>PHP</strong> This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
For example: zval **old, *new; *new = **old; zval_copy_ctor(new); Here old is a populated zval container; for example, a container passed to a function that we want to modify. Our rot13 example did this in a higher-level way, which we will explore next. Accessor Macros IA large set of macros makes it easy to access fields of a zval. For example: zval foo; char *string; /* initialize foo and string */ Z_STRVAL(foo) = string; The Z_STRVAL( ) macro accesses the string field of a zval. There are accessor macros for every data type that can be stored in a zval. Because you often have pointers to zvals, and sometimes even pointers to pointers to zvals, each macro comes in three flavors, as shown in Table 14-1. Table 14-1. zval accessor macros Long Boolean Double String value String length Z_LVAL( ) Z_BVAL( ) Z_DVAL( ) Z_STRVAL( ) Z_STRLEN( ) Z_LVAL_P( ) Z_BVAL_P( ) Z_DVAL_P( ) Z_STRVAL_P( ) Z_STRLEN_P( ) Z_LVAL_PP( ) Z_BVAL_PP( ) Z_DVAL_PP( ) Z_STRVAL_PP( ) Z_STRLEN_PP( ) HashTable Object Object properties Object class entry Resource value Z_ARRVAL( ) Z_OBJ( ) Z_OBJPROP( ) Z_OBJCE( ) Z_RESVAL( ) Z_ARRVAL_P( ) Z_OBJ_P( ) Z_OBJPROP_P( ) Z_OBJCE_P( ) Z_RESVAL_P( ) Z_ARRVAL_PP( ) Z_OBJ_PP( ) Z_OBJPROP_PP( ) Z_OBJCE_PP( ) Z_RESVAL_PP( ) There are macros to identify the active type of a zval (or zval *, orzval **). They are Z_TYPE( ), Z_TYPE_P( ), and Z_TYPE_PP( ). The possible return values are: • IS_LONG • IS_BOOL • IS_DOUBLE • IS_STRING • IS_ARRAY • IS_OBJECT • IS_RESOURCE • IS_NULL This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2002 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. The pval/zval Data Type | 333
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Programming PHP
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Programming PHP by Rasmus Lerdorf a
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Colophon Our look is the result of
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Accessing Individual Characters 79
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Concealing PHP Libraries 293 PHP Co
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clarify the explanations, and the p
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There is a web page for this book,
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Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2 Language Basics
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Comments Comments give information
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*/ echo("l=$l m=$m n=$n\n"); ?> Now
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change. Constants are referred to b
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PHP recognizes floating-point numbe
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• The empty string ("") and the s
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Chapter 6 describes classes and obj
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The old value of $black is lost. In
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update_counter( ); update_counter(
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Table 2-3. PHP operators P A Operat
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The division and multiplication ope
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Autoincrement and Autodecrement Ope
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Bitwise Operators The bitwise opera
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something is true. For example, you
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Because all operators are required
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if The if statement checks the trut
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A switch statement is given an expr
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if ($i == 5) break; // breaks out o
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This program adds the numbers from
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loops, and complain if the file bei
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XML Style Because of the advent of
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and other such niceties. Some will
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Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 Functions A fun
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Typically, functions return some va
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As we discussed in Chapter 2, the e
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Example 3-5. Doubler redux function
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Missing Parameters PHP lets you be
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Anonymous Functions Some PHP functi
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echo "$who was $where"; Kilroy was
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As a special case, you can put a se
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• A padding specifier denoting th
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Boolean values and NULL are not mea
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Changing Case PHP has several funct
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The quote_style and charset argumen
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Query-string encoding The urlencode
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The comparison operators (=) also w
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The Levenshtein algorithm calculate
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The str_repeat( ) function takes a
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print_r($a);Array ( [0] => Fred [1]
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The c in strcspn( ) stands for comp
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These three kinds of patterns can b
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Subpatterns You can use parentheses
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Table 4-8. POSIX anchors Anchor Mat
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Example 4-1. Credit-card validator
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Character Classes Perl-style regula
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Trailing Options Perl-style regular
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A simple use of positive lookahead
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For example: preg_match('/y.*e$/',
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Pass an array of strings as subject
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Quoting for regular expressions The
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Identifying Elements of an Array Yo
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array is almost always a programmer
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Two or more consecutive commas in t
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echo "true!\n"; } if (array_key_exi
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EXTR_PREFIX_SAME, which says that t
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echo "$key is $value\n"; } 0 is spa
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The default argument, if provided,
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you need to answer questions like
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Example 5-3. Sorting arrays (contin
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Here’s how to randomize the order
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Sets Arrays let you implement the b
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Here’s the output from Example 5-
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Terminology Everyobject-oriented la
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You can use variable variables with
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} function set_name ($new_name) { $
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The object created bythe Person con
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Example 6-1. Displaying all declare
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Example 6-2. Object introspection f
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Here are some sample classes and ob
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PHP has two hooks for objects durin
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Example 6-5 shows the file next.php
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the request contains a blank line,
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SERVER_NAME The hostname, DNS alias
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The biggest difference between GET
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Figure 7-1. The chunkify form and i
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Example 7-4. Temperature conversion
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Example 7-6. Multiple selection val
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Example 7-8. Sticky multivalued che
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Files are stored in the server’s
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“me@aol” by requiring an at sig
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To mark a document as already expir
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A third technique for maintaining s
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Example 7-10. Preference selection
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Session basics To enable sessions f
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Custom storage By default, PHP stor
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When a session is completed, the de
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Chapter 8 CHAPTER 8 Databases PHP h
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columns, each of which has a name a
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Figure 8-1. The movie page the data
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$db = DB::connect($datasource); if
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string(4) "1962" ["name"]=> string(
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The executeMultiple( ) method takes
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echo "$k"; if (is_array($v)) { a_to
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Two HTML forms are needed to popula
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Example 8-3. Database connection ab
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Example 8-4. Backend administration
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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Example 8-5. Adding a business (con
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The business listings page is illus
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The series of requests sent by the
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many colors as you need. The latter
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image-generating function. Example
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Example 9-4. Adding text to an imag
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Example 9-6. Displaying vertical Tr
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Example 9-8. Caching dynamic button
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You can also take this a step furth
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For a signed integer, the leftmost
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True Color Color Indexes The color
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Chapter 10 CHAPTER 10 PDF Adobe’s
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Figure 10-1. Hello world in a PDF d
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Type, Content-Disposition, and Cont
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Example 10-3. Changing the origin (
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Example 10-4. Text alignment within
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Example 10-5. Changing text attribu
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usr/share/fonts FontAFM LuciduxSans
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Adding an image to a PDF document i
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Example 10-8. Nonproportional scali
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Figure 10-9. A sample path The pdf_
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The width and height parameters spe
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Example 10-11. Using a template Th
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Example 10-12. Using bookmarks and
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Example 10-13. Specifying a link (c
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Figure 10-16. Closed note The conte
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In HTML, you often have an open tag
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Example 11-1. Generating an XML doc
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The end element handler is called w
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If your external entity reference h
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characters outside the target encod
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XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF XML_ERROR_BI
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Figure 11-2. Book details comment).
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Example 11-10. bookparse.xml (conti
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Example 11-12. News XSL transform
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Page 287 and 288: These directives ensure that PHP er
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Page 307 and 308: Example 13-5. Log-rolling error han
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Page 363 and 364: Figure 15-3. Gleaning syntax from W
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Page 369 and 370: Example 15-4. Querying Excel via OD
Page 371 and 372: • Applications that want to use t
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Page 376 and 377: Files, directories, and filesystem
Page 378 and 379: addcslashes string addcslashes(stri
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array_search mixed array_search(mix
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asort void asort(array array[, int
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call_user_func mixed call_user_func
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chown bool chown(string path, mixed
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cos double cos(double value) Return
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Any characters in the format string
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each array each(array array) Create
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Any number of these options can be
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fflush int fflush(int handle) Commi
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filemtime int filemtime(string path
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If include is specified and is true
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ftell int ftell(int handle) Returns
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get_current_user string get_current
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get_parent_class string get_parent_
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getmypid int getmypid( ) Returns th
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header void header(string header[,
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implode string implode(array string
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is_double bool is_double(mixed valu
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is_scalar bool is_scalar(mixed valu
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Calculates the Levenshtein distance
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log double log(double number) Retur
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mkdir int mkdir(string path, int mo
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number_format string number_format(
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openlog int openlog(string identity
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parse_url array parse_url(string ur
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phpinfo void phpinfo([int what]) Ou
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printf int printf(string format[, m
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eaddir string readdir(int handle) R
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ound double round(double number[, i
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setlocale string setlocale(mixed ca
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sort void sort(array array[, int fl
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str_pad string str_pad(string strin
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%H Hour in 24-hour format, includin
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strncmp int strncmp(string one, str
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strtr string strtr(string string, s
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tmpfile int tmpfile( ) Creates a te
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unregister_tick_function void unreg
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wordwrap string wordwrap(string str
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old versions of aspell, you should
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DBM For very simple database instal
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Hyperwave Hyperwave is a database f
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mcrypt This extension provides an i
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pdflib pdflib provides support for
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Sybase This extension provides supp
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Symbols & (ampersand) &= (bitwise A
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| (vertical bar) |= (bitwise OR ass
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aspell PHP library, 457 assert() fu
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checksums mhash library, 464 valida
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cryptography mcrypt extension, 464
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DTD (Document Type Definition), 263
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System V Semaphores and Shared memo
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calling, 61 for each array element,
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H hash mark (#) in comments, 19 hea
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interlacing GIF images, 246 interna
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masks, using in string searches, 94
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serialization of, 153-157, 438 _ _s
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pdf_open_file() function, 234 pdf_p
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with echo, 76 with print() function
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S Sablotron C library (XSLT support
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sql_regcase() function, 443 sqrt()
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tan() function, 451 target encoding
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function parameters, 33 functions f
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xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handle
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