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) ) ) ABSTRACT.. . . . . ACKNOWL EDGEMENTS. LIST OF FIGURES. LIST OF TABLES. . CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER I I I CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI INTRODUCTION. TABLE OF CONTENTS BATHYMETRY. . . . . . . General description. The scale of sediment Surroundi ng provi nces . . . II _ . . . . . . . swells. STRUCTURE OF THE GREATER ANTILLES OUTER RIDGE. . . . . . . . . Previous geophysical work. Acoustic basement. . The s t rat i fie d 1 aye r . The transparent layer. THE SEDIMENTS. . . . General lithology. The carbonates. . Mi n e ra logy. . . . Methods . . . . Re s u 1 ts . . . . . . . Other sediment tracers. . CHRONOLOGY OF SEDIMENTATION ... Regional patterns. . . . . . . Greater Antilles Outer Ridge. . Abyssal plains. . . . .. .. North slope - Puerto Rico Trench. . ABYSSAL CIRCULATION. . . . . . . . . Water masses. . . . . . . . . . . . Earlier studies of circulation. . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . Current meters. . . . Hydrographi c stat; ons . Bottom photography. . . 6 Page 2 4 8 13 14 20 20 24 26 28 28 34 40 49 66 66 82 89 89 93 10 i 105 105 105 115 116. 12 i 121 122 124 124 126 129
Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrography.. . . . . . . Dynami c cal cul ati ons. . . . Direct current measurements. Current evi dence from bottom photographs. . . Summa ry. . . . . . . . . CHAPTER VII SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER. Introduction. . . . . . . Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . Concentration and distribution. . Grain size and general composition Mineralogy. . . . . . . . . Me tho ds . . . . . . . . Results. . . . . . . . The depositional conditions. . Discussion. . . . . . . . . . C HAP T E R V I I I THE G E 0 LOG I C ALE va L UTI 0 N 0 F THE GREATER ANTILLES OUTER RIDGE. . Previous theories. . . . . . . . . Middle Cretaceous to middle Eocene Middle to late Eocene. . . . . . . Late Eocene to Mi ocene . . . . . . Pliocene to Recent. . . . . . . . Comparison with other depositional ri dges . . . . . . . . Suggestions for future work. . REFERENCES CITED APPENDIX I SEDIMENT CORES. APPENDI X I I BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS . APPENDIX III SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CORES Water content. Shear strength. . . . . BIOGRAPHY. . . . 7 Page 130 130 148 156 171 172 182 182 182 185 193 200 200 207 212 215 217 217 218 222 230 238 242 245 247 258 263 278 285 285 285 313 ) )
Page 1 and 2: I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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Page 7 and 8: parent sediment on the eastern oute
Page 9: esearch. 5 )
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
Page 15 and 16: Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Page 17 and 18: \ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
Page 21 and 22: ) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
Page 23 and 24: ~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
Page 25 and 26: ) ) This is expected since most of
Page 27: GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
Page 30 and 31: j
Page 32 and 33: egi onal contours. An area centered
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Page 38 and 39: ') ) ) /
Page 41 and 42: '"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
Page 43: Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
Page 46 and 47: sequence corresponds to layered tur
Page 49: ) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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Page 55 and 56: "- '''--.- 25° ................. .
Page 57 and 58: ) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
Page 59 and 60: ) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
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. Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
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.) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
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) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
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) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
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i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
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) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
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Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
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co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
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) 53
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) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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0' (V CJ s. :: O' ... LL 55
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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or- . (V Q) S- :: rn Li 58
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ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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l UJ .líliiiP',,:... ¡ '"'" ~ ' ~
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) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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N CV OJ s. :: 01 l. 62
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) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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(' r- (' (j $. :: en 'r- LL 64
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) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
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~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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.'-/ '..-/ AIr 60-8 A II 60-8 An60~
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) )
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average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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) )
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.\ ! ') )
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ì/ )
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10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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) ) /
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The laminated zones and overlying p
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) )
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\ j )
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) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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) ) z 0 N O~ E I i ,,_.' i." I ." .
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) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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currents have transported many Fora
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increased dissolution (elevated lys
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TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
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the following peaks and weighting f
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) )
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) )
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Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
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The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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gray 1 uti t e s per s i s t n ear
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) )
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TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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) ) )
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TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
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consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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) ) _/
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\ ) \ ì ../
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in age, and the ash is probably ass
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') .I \...../
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122 must result from mixing with th
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eas twa rd flow of NADW between 150
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whi ch recorded currents for about
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,) , ,
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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" ) , \ -./)
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. ) ) / )
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
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~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
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) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
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) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
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,) -) 152 structure persist at and
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) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
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) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
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) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
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) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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" ) / ) 10 19 17 5 5616 M 5801 M N
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) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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. ì )
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,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
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) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
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) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
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, ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
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\ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
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) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
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) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
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') ./ ) ,j 70° 68° 66° ~~oo · "
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Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
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S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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) )
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northwest flow along the west flank
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" ) /
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\ )
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filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
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. '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
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) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
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'\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
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extensive erosion on the lower cont
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) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
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\ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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) \ ./
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'i j
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The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fractio
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201 In a sample where additional cl
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TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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:1 / , ì j
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I ) \ )
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cannot always be accepted at face v
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The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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, \! )
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in favor of the concept that the su
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on the north flank of the far easte
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that enough suspended matter has be
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The following pages describe a mode
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) )
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series of ridges associated with an
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Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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:') ¡i )
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\ i / ') ./
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(Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
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229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
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\ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
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Downslope sedimentation covered the
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) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
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'\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
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) / the same event of current-contr
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) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
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) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
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) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
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) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
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) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt
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248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
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Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
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Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
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McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
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Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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" ) )
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259 approximation of the amount of
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s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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) )
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Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
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CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
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KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
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LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
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) )
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s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
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~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
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TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
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) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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\ ) ) . //
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) . ) .
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) , )
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) ) ./
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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