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northwest flow along the west flank of the Bermuda Rise, both contai ni ng AABW. The present observations extend the southerly flow of 181 the Western Boundary Undercurrent into the regi on of the Greater Ahtil1esOuter Ridge and indicate additional contri- butions of colder AABW in the deep southwestern basin of the western North Atlantic Ocean. The added easterly flowing AABW comprises the bottom water circulating around the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge, and it lies immediately beneath the wa rme r wate r fl owi n9 in from the 1 owe r con ti nen ta 1 ri se further north. The transport of sediment from the northern conti nental margin of North America to the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge by this current system is considered in the following chapter, and the implications of its effect on the history of sedimentation on the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge are considered in Chapter VIII. \ , J )
) , ! j INTRODUCTION CHAPTER VI I SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER The evidence presented thus far has dealt with patterns of sea-floor morphology, bottom-sediment distribution, and abyssal circulation on the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge. The following discussion is devoted to an examina- tion of the sediment carried in suspension in the deep currents and its relationship to these patterns. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter were determined on 101 water samples from 32 stations over the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge (Fig. 7.1). Five additional samples were collected directly on silver filters (0.45 pm pore size) for x-ray analysis. Samples were collected pri mari ly from depths of 4580 to 5730 m in the North At 1 an tic Deep W ate r an d An tar c tic Bot tom W ate r ( see Appendix III). METHODS Water samples were taken in 30 liter Niskin bottles spaced between 12 to 14 Nansen bottles in the bottom 350 m of hydrographi c cas ts, thus all owi ng accurate determi nati on of the s/S relatidnship of the water sampled. Each water sample was filtered on shipboard under 14 pounds nitrogen pressure through preweighed pairs of Mil1epore filters 182 (0.45 pm pore size) or through a single preweighed Nuclepore
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I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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parent sediment on the eastern oute
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esearch. 5 )
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Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
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Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
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\ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
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) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
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~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
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) ) This is expected since most of
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GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
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j
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egi onal contours. An area centered
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this region. However, all of these
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'"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
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Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
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sequence corresponds to layered tur
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) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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"- '''--.- 25° ................. .
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) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
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) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
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. Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
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.) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
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) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
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) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
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i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
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) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
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Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
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co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
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) 53
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) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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0' (V CJ s. :: O' ... LL 55
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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or- . (V Q) S- :: rn Li 58
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ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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l UJ .líliiiP',,:... ¡ '"'" ~ ' ~
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) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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N CV OJ s. :: 01 l. 62
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) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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(' r- (' (j $. :: en 'r- LL 64
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) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
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~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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.'-/ '..-/ AIr 60-8 A II 60-8 An60~
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average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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.\ ! ') )
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10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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The laminated zones and overlying p
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) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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) ) z 0 N O~ E I i ,,_.' i." I ." .
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) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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currents have transported many Fora
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increased dissolution (elevated lys
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TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
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the following peaks and weighting f
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Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
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The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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gray 1 uti t e s per s i s t n ear
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TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
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consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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) ) _/
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in age, and the ash is probably ass
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122 must result from mixing with th
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eas twa rd flow of NADW between 150
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whi ch recorded currents for about
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,) , ,
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
Page 215 and 216: ~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
Page 217 and 218: ) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
Page 219 and 220: ) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
Page 221 and 222: ,) -) 152 structure persist at and
Page 223 and 224: ) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
Page 225 and 226: ) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
Page 227 and 228: ) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
Page 229 and 230: ) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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Page 233: ) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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Page 239 and 240: ,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
Page 241 and 242: ) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
Page 243 and 244: ) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
Page 245 and 246: , ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
Page 247 and 248: \ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
Page 249 and 250: ) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
Page 251 and 252: ) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
Page 253 and 254: ') ./ ) ,j 70° 68° 66° ~~oo · "
Page 255: Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
Page 258 and 259: S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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Page 270 and 271: filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
Page 273 and 274: . '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
Page 275 and 276: ) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
Page 277 and 278: '\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
Page 279 and 280: extensive erosion on the lower cont
Page 281 and 282: ) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
Page 283: \ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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Page 290 and 291: The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fractio
Page 292 and 293: 201 In a sample where additional cl
Page 294 and 295: TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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Page 300 and 301: cannot always be accepted at face v
Page 302 and 303: The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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Page 306 and 307: in favor of the concept that the su
Page 308 and 309: on the north flank of the far easte
Page 310 and 311: that enough suspended matter has be
Page 312 and 313: The following pages describe a mode
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series of ridges associated with an
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Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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(Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
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229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
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\ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
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Downslope sedimentation covered the
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) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
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'\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
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) / the same event of current-contr
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) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
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) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
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) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
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) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
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) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt
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248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
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Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
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Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
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McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
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Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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259 approximation of the amount of
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s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
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CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
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KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
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LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
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s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
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~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
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TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
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) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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