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The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fraction of all suspended matter samples taken over the Greater Antilles Outer Ridgè is composed almost entirely of clay-mineral platelets. Fel dspar, quartz, and fragments of cal careous nannopl ankton and biogenous silica constitute less than 5 percent of this fraction. In the silt fraction (2-62 ~m) about 30-50 percent of the sample is layer silicates. Kaolinite is infrequently re cog n i zed as f rag men t s 0 f hex ago n alp 1 ate s, but the 0 the r clay minerals cannot be differentiated. Quartz and plagioclase feldspar are common, constituting 30 percent of the sample in some instances. The calcareous nanno- plankton are mostly Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Emiliania huxleyi, and their abundance is quite variable but may range up to 10 percent by area. torami n i fe raare very rarely observed. Samples taken from V~ma Gap have consistently less biogenous material and less total suspended matter than those taken over the Greater Anti lles Outer Ri dge~ and fl occul ated aggregates appear more commonly. The bottom sedi meht exami ned wi th the SEM is vi sually similar in composition to that of the suspended matter. However, the bottom material appears to contain a larger p ro p 0 r t ion 0 f mat e ria 1 fin e r t h a nab 0 u to. 4 ~ m (F i g. 7. 4) . 199 It is enti rely possible that a substantial amount of suspended matter smaller than 0.4 ~m was not trapped on the filters, , j . \ )
) J thus accounting for this grain size discrepancy and possibly explaining the abundance of low concentration samples (Fig. 7.2). 200 When all factors are considered, the physical character- istics of the suspended particulate matter and the bottom sediment are quite similar. MI NERALOGY Methods The limiting factor in determining mineralogy of suspended matter is the small sample size, and it is important to consider whether semiquantitative x-ray diffraction analysis of such small samples will yield the same results as that of the same samples in larger quantities. Jacobs and Ewing (1965) recognized that the quality of x-ray diffraction spectra could be limited by the very minute quantity of material available in suspended-matter studies. The work of Jonas and Oliver (1967) further suggested that quantitative relationships may be affected when very small samples are analyzed. They found that montmori 11 oni te appears to have an effecti VE crystallite thickness of one unit cell and a width of 20-30 unit cells. In a pure montmorillonite suspension, stacking of these crystallites provides layer overlap and allows face-to-face bonding with such crystallographic regularity that 00£ x-ray diffraction occurs much as if the lattice were a single crystal.
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I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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parent sediment on the eastern oute
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esearch. 5 )
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Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
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Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
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\ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
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) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
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~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
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) ) This is expected since most of
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GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
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j
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egi onal contours. An area centered
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this region. However, all of these
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'"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
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Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
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sequence corresponds to layered tur
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) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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"- '''--.- 25° ................. .
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) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
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) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
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. Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
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.) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
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) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
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) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
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i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
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) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
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Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
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co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
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) 53
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) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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0' (V CJ s. :: O' ... LL 55
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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or- . (V Q) S- :: rn Li 58
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ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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l UJ .líliiiP',,:... ¡ '"'" ~ ' ~
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) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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N CV OJ s. :: 01 l. 62
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) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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(' r- (' (j $. :: en 'r- LL 64
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) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
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~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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.'-/ '..-/ AIr 60-8 A II 60-8 An60~
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average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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.\ ! ') )
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10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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The laminated zones and overlying p
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) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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) ) z 0 N O~ E I i ,,_.' i." I ." .
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) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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currents have transported many Fora
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increased dissolution (elevated lys
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TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
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the following peaks and weighting f
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Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
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The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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gray 1 uti t e s per s i s t n ear
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TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
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consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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) ) _/
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in age, and the ash is probably ass
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122 must result from mixing with th
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eas twa rd flow of NADW between 150
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whi ch recorded currents for about
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,) , ,
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
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~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
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) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
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) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
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,) -) 152 structure persist at and
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) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
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) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
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) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
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) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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" ) / ) 10 19 17 5 5616 M 5801 M N
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) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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Page 239 and 240: ,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
Page 241 and 242: ) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
Page 243 and 244: ) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
Page 245 and 246: , ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
Page 247 and 248: \ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
Page 249 and 250: ) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
Page 251 and 252: ) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
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Page 255: Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
Page 258 and 259: S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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Page 264 and 265: northwest flow along the west flank
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Page 268 and 269: \ )
Page 270 and 271: filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
Page 273 and 274: . '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
Page 275 and 276: ) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
Page 277 and 278: '\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
Page 279 and 280: extensive erosion on the lower cont
Page 281 and 282: ) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
Page 283: \ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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Page 292 and 293: 201 In a sample where additional cl
Page 294 and 295: TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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Page 300 and 301: cannot always be accepted at face v
Page 302 and 303: The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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Page 306 and 307: in favor of the concept that the su
Page 308 and 309: on the north flank of the far easte
Page 310 and 311: that enough suspended matter has be
Page 312 and 313: The following pages describe a mode
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Page 316 and 317: series of ridges associated with an
Page 318 and 319: Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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Page 322 and 323: \ i / ') ./
Page 324 and 325: (Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
Page 326 and 327: 229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
Page 329 and 330: \ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
Page 332 and 333: Downslope sedimentation covered the
Page 335 and 336: ) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
Page 337 and 338: '\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
Page 339 and 340: ) / the same event of current-contr
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) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
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) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
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) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
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) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
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) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt
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248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
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Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
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Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
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McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
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Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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" ) )
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259 approximation of the amount of
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s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
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CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
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KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
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LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
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s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
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~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
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TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
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) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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