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increased dissolution (elevated lysocline), there are also numerous additional dissolution events which may represent pul ses of Antarcti c Bottom Water enteri ng the western North Atlantic basin. MINERALOGY Methods X-ray mineral determinations were made on the lutite (~2 ~m) and silt (2-62 ~m) fractions of sediment samples from the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge and vicinity. The sand-size fraction, which never exceeded about 2% of the sample, was included in the silt analysis. All samples were treated with 1:4 acetic acid to remove carbonate, dispersed in a weak so~ium hexameta- phosphate solution, and centrifuged repeatedly to separate the less than 2 ~m and greater than 2 ~m fractions. The lutite fractions were vacuum-sedimented onto silver filters, thus providing an oriented aggregate to enhance basal lattice reflections while minimizing size fractionation due to settling. Samples were x-rayed (~t 2° 2s/min, using Cu Ka radiation and a curved-crystal monochromator) after each of three treatments: 1) removal of carbonate (referred to as the untreated sample), 2) vapor glycolation at 70°C for at least 4 hours, and 3) heat treatment at 400°C for at least one-half hour. Carbonate-free silts were x-rayed in random-powder mounts. 89 \ \I
) ) Diffractograms of the lutite fractions indicated that montmorillonite, mixed-layer montmorillonite-illite, illite, chlorite, and kaolinite constitute nearly 100 percent of the minerals in all samples. For purposes of this discussion, ° material which expands to a 17 A (001) peak upon glycolation is referred to as montmorillonite, although it also may include some interstratified illite layers (Reynolds and Hower, 1970). ° Clay w hie h co 11 apses to a lOA (002 ) peak at 400°C is a combination of montmorillonite and mixed-layer montmorillonite-illite. Minerals showing a basal sequence ° 10, 5, 3.3, 2.5 A that is affected by neither glycolation nor a 400°C heat treatment are identified as illite. Assuming that these minerals represent the total sample, semiquantitative estimates of composition were made (Table 4.1) using the following peaks and weighting factors (Hathaway, 1972a): 1) the increaie in intensity (peak area) ° of the 10 A peak of the sample when heated to 400°C above ° the intensity of the 10 A peak of the glycolated sample is assigned to montmorillonite plus mixed-layer montmoril10nite- illite, 2) the intensity of the 10 Å peak in the glycolated sample is assigned to illite, 3) one-half the intensity of the ° 7 A peak in the untreated sample is assigned to chlorite plus kaolinite, and 4) the relative contribution of chlorite and ° kaolinite to the 7 A peak is determined from the total peak o area of each in the 3.5 A chlorite-kaolinite doublet, using the method of Biscaye (1964). Sample compositions were also calculated according to the method of Biscaye (1965) using 90
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I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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parent sediment on the eastern oute
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esearch. 5 )
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Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
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Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
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\ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
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) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
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~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
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) ) This is expected since most of
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GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
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j
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egi onal contours. An area centered
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this region. However, all of these
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'"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
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Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
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sequence corresponds to layered tur
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) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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\ )
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"- '''--.- 25° ................. .
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) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
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) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
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. Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
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.) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
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) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
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) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
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i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
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) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
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Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
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co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
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) 53
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) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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0' (V CJ s. :: O' ... LL 55
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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Page 87 and 88: ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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Page 91 and 92: ) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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Page 95 and 96: ) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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Page 99 and 100: ) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
Page 101 and 102: ~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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Page 108 and 109: average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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Page 116 and 117: 10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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Page 120 and 121: The laminated zones and overlying p
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Page 127 and 128: ) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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Page 131: ) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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Page 138 and 139: TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
Page 140 and 141: the following peaks and weighting f
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Page 150 and 151: Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
Page 152 and 153: The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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Page 158 and 159: TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
Page 160 and 161: and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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Page 164 and 165: TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
Page 166 and 167: Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
Page 168 and 169: consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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Page 174 and 175: in age, and the ash is probably ass
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Page 178 and 179: 122 must result from mixing with th
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Page 182 and 183: whi ch recorded currents for about
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
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~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
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) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
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) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
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,) -) 152 structure persist at and
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) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
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) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
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) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
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) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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" ) / ) 10 19 17 5 5616 M 5801 M N
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) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
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) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
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) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
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, ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
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\ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
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) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
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) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
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') ./ ) ,j 70° 68° 66° ~~oo · "
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Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
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S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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) )
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northwest flow along the west flank
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filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
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. '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
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) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
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'\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
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extensive erosion on the lower cont
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) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
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\ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fractio
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201 In a sample where additional cl
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TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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:1 / , ì j
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cannot always be accepted at face v
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The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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in favor of the concept that the su
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on the north flank of the far easte
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that enough suspended matter has be
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The following pages describe a mode
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series of ridges associated with an
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Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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:') ¡i )
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\ i / ') ./
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(Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
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229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
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\ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
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Downslope sedimentation covered the
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) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
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'\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
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) / the same event of current-contr
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) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
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) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
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) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
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) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
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) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt
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248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
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Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
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Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
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McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
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Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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" ) )
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259 approximation of the amount of
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s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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) )
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Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
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CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
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KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
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LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
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) )
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s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
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~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
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TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
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) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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\ ) ) . //
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) . ) .
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D \ )
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) , )
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) ) ./
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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