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normally must be determined by coring or drilling. Finally, the age of the depositional ridges must be considered. The evidence presently available from deep-sea d rill i n g and i n t e r pre tat i on of s e ism i cpr 0 f i 1 e s s u g g est s that the depos i ti onal ri dges in the northern North Atl anti c and Labrador Sea probably began to form in Paleocene time 245 or later (Davies and Laughton~ 1972; Jones and others, 1970). The Bl ake-Bahama Outer Ri dge has developed above Hori zon A and thus probably began to form in the early Tertiary (Ewi ng and Hol1 is ter, 1972); the Greater Anti 11 es Outer Ridge is interpreted to be sediment deposited since middle Eocene time. The available evidence therefore indicates that the construction of s~dimentary ridges by the Western Boundary Undercurrent began in Paleocene to Eocene time. .\ ) SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK Although considerable data have been collected and studied to reconstruct the history of sedimentation and abyssal circulation in the region of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge, there are several lines of inquiry that would help clarify the hypotheses outlined in this manuscript. i) North Slope - Puerto Ri co Trench: Although this region is covered largely by barren abys sal 1 uti tes~ long pi ston cores taken in areas shallower than about 5500 meters might contain enough biogenous carbonate to date the sediment and test the low post-Eocene sedimentation rates postulated here. )
) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt 0 R i coT r en c h : Deep hydrographi c secti ons extendi ng north from Puerto Rico are needed to delineate the possible flow of the Western Boundary Undercurrent in this area. Similar sections are also needed north of the Bahama Banks between Cat Gap and the Cai cos Outer Ri dge. Study of cores taken from the south slope of the Puerto Rico Trench may also reveal current-produced primary structures related to the flow of the WBUC. 3) Eastern Sector - Greater Antilles Outer Ridge: A carefully chosen and continuously cored deep-sea drill hole near the crest of the outer ridge could fully establish a) the depositional history of the transparent layer, b) similar information for Datum A and the under- lying stratified layer, and c) the composition and probable age of acoustic basement. 4) Wes tern Sector - Greater Anti 11 es Outer Ri dge: Deep-sea dri 11 i ng on the southern fl ank of thi s sector could establish the time of ridge formation, the presence or absence of the 3.0 km/sec layer, the age of Datum A, and the history of downslope sedimentation from the Bahama Banks. 246
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I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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parent sediment on the eastern oute
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esearch. 5 )
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Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
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Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
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\ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
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) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
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~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
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) ) This is expected since most of
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GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
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j
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egi onal contours. An area centered
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this region. However, all of these
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'"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
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Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
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sequence corresponds to layered tur
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) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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\ )
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"- '''--.- 25° ................. .
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) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
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) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
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. Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
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.) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
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) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
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) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
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i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
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) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
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Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
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co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
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) 53
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) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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0' (V CJ s. :: O' ... LL 55
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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or- . (V Q) S- :: rn Li 58
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ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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l UJ .líliiiP',,:... ¡ '"'" ~ ' ~
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) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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N CV OJ s. :: 01 l. 62
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) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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(' r- (' (j $. :: en 'r- LL 64
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) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
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~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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.'-/ '..-/ AIr 60-8 A II 60-8 An60~
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average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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.\ ! ') )
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10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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The laminated zones and overlying p
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) )
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) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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) ) z 0 N O~ E I i ,,_.' i." I ." .
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) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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currents have transported many Fora
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increased dissolution (elevated lys
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TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
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the following peaks and weighting f
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.,1 ì / ) j
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Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
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The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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gray 1 uti t e s per s i s t n ear
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TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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) ) )
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TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
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consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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) ) _/
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\ ) \ ì ../
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in age, and the ash is probably ass
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122 must result from mixing with th
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eas twa rd flow of NADW between 150
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whi ch recorded currents for about
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,) , ,
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
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~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
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) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
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) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
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,) -) 152 structure persist at and
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) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
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) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
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) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
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) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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" ) / ) 10 19 17 5 5616 M 5801 M N
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) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
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) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
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) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
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, ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
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\ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
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) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
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) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
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') ./ ) ,j 70° 68° 66° ~~oo · "
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Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
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S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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northwest flow along the west flank
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filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
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. '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
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) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
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'\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
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extensive erosion on the lower cont
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) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
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\ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fractio
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201 In a sample where additional cl
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TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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:1 / , ì j
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Page 300 and 301: cannot always be accepted at face v
Page 302 and 303: The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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Page 306 and 307: in favor of the concept that the su
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Page 310 and 311: that enough suspended matter has be
Page 312 and 313: The following pages describe a mode
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Page 316 and 317: series of ridges associated with an
Page 318 and 319: Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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Page 322 and 323: \ i / ') ./
Page 324 and 325: (Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
Page 326 and 327: 229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
Page 329 and 330: \ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
Page 332 and 333: Downslope sedimentation covered the
Page 335 and 336: ) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
Page 337 and 338: '\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
Page 339 and 340: ) / the same event of current-contr
Page 341 and 342: ) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
Page 343 and 344: ) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
Page 345 and 346: ) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
Page 347: ) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
Page 352 and 353: 248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
Page 354 and 355: Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
Page 356 and 357: Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
Page 358 and 359: McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
Page 360 and 361: Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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Page 364 and 365: 259 approximation of the amount of
Page 366 and 367: s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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Page 370 and 371: Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
Page 372 and 373: TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
Page 374 and 375: TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
Page 376 and 377: TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
Page 378 and 379: CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
Page 380 and 381: KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
Page 382 and 383: LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
Page 384 and 385: ) )
Page 386 and 387: s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
Page 388 and 389: ~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
Page 390 and 391: TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
Page 393 and 394: ) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
Page 395: ) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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