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egi onal contours. An area centered on 22030lN lat., 67030lW long. on the northeast flank of the western sector of the outer ridge is referred to as the 1I1ayered valleyll region by Chase and others (1966) and Bunce and others (1973). Detailed bathymetric surveys conducted by these authors show a series of small ridges and valleys arranged like a dendritic tributary system extending toward the Nares Abyssal Plain. Here again, the swell s are oriented roughly at 90° to the outer ri dge. The valley floors are flat, and they are thought to be formed by localized turbidity current deposition from the outer ri dge. THE SCALE OF SEDIMENT SWELLS The following series of sediment swells, listed in order of decreasing size, appears on the Greater Antilles Outer Ri dge: 1) The 1 argest swell s are those that are i ndi cated on the bathymetric map (Fig. 1.1) running generally perpendicular to the axi s of the outer li dge. Thei r spaci ng ranges from about 6 to 12 km wi th ampl i tudes up to 140 m. 2) A second set, observed in echo-sounding profiles but generally not shown on the bathymetric map, has spacings of 1-6 km and amplitudes up to 90 m. Detailed bathymetric surveys suggest that these swell s have the same ori entati on as those of 1) above. Mud swells with similar amplitude and spàcing were observed on the Caicos Outer Ridge to the west ) 24 ì /
during leg 8 of ATLANTIS II Cruise 60. 3) Hyperbolic echoes are infrequently observed in . echo-sounding profiles taken over the lower flanks of the outer ridge. Their spacing ranges from tens to hundreds of meters and thei r ampl i tude is only a few meters. The fact that they are infrequently observed may reflect an actual rarity, or it may result from the insensitivity of the echo-sounding system in detecting weak IIside echoesll from small mud swells of fine-grained sediment. The fact that each pul se of the echo-soundi ng system i nsoni fi es roughly 106m2 of sea floor at these depths may also confuse detection of these features. 4) Superimposed on the above are smaller mud swells, ) probably greater than 10 m in spacing and of elm amplitude. These are not detected in surface echo-sounding records but are well illustrated in many bottom photographs (see Appendix II). Since their size is intermediate between that normally resolved by surface echo sounding and bottom photography, it is not possible to assess their frequency and distribution with the information presently available. 5) Ripples are developed in certain areas of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge; they are easily recognized in bottom photographs and have wavelengths of 20 to 30 cm and amplitudes of about 5 cm (see Fig. 6.14). It must be emphasized that none of these patterns is universal on the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge, nor is there reason to believe that the patterns always occur together in 25
Page 1 and 2: I "a f IMods Hole '" ~ o c.,,~tlOGR
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Page 5 and 6: " \ / )
Page 7 and 8: parent sediment on the eastern oute
Page 9 and 10: esearch. 5 )
Page 11 and 12: Res u 1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.12 Echo-sounding profile (
Page 15 and 16: Fi gure 6.14 6. 15 7. 1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Page 17 and 18: \ I ) Table 4. 1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The area inv
Page 21 and 22: ) \ .1 Fi gure i. 1. Bathymetry of
Page 23 and 24: ~. ~ 71° 70° tI 68 fJ0 25° 7' 25
Page 25 and 26: ) ) This is expected since most of
Page 27: GENERAL DES CRI PT I ON CHAPTE R I
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Page 34 and 35: this region. However, all of these
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Page 38 and 39: ') ) ) /
Page 41 and 42: '"-, i~ 7t 70° 6f 68 67° 25° 72
Page 43: Fig u r e 3. 2 . CON RA D 10 s e is
Page 46 and 47: sequence corresponds to layered tur
Page 49: ) . .) Figure 3.3. Map showing domi
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Page 55 and 56: "- '''--.- 25° ................. .
Page 57 and 58: ) ) others, 1973), and the upper po
Page 59 and 60: ) Figure 3.5. CONRAD 8 seismic refl
Page 61 and 62: . Q) 3W/L NOI.L~ l( . (Y CI s. :: 0
Page 63 and 64: .) Figure 3.6. Idealized profile al
Page 65 and 66: ) ) a: 0 ~ ~ (J L. Z Q) a: ~ lU UJ
Page 67 and 68: ) ) Figure 3.7. CONRAD 10 seismic r
Page 69 and 70: i- (Y (1 ~:: en or- LL 47
Page 71 and 72: ) ) THE TRANSPARENT LAYER The distr
Page 73 and 74: Fi gure 3.8. CH A I N 34 s e ism i
Page 75 and 76: co . (Y (l So :: O' "r- Li 51
Page 77 and 78: ) 53
Page 79 and 80: ) Figure 3.9. CONRAD 10 seismic ref
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\ J ) Figure 3.10. Seismic reflecti
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or- . (V Q) S- :: rn Li 58
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ì ) Figure 3.11. CONRAD 10 seismic
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l UJ .líliiiP',,:... ¡ '"'" ~ ' ~
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) .I Figure 3.12. Echo-soundi ng pr
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N CV OJ s. :: 01 l. 62
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) ) Figure 3.13. CONRAD 10 seismic
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(' r- (' (j $. :: en 'r- LL 64
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) ) GENERAL LITHOLOGY CHAPTER iv TH
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~ , ) Figure 4.1. General lithology
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.'-/ '..-/ AIr 60-8 A II 60-8 An60~
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) )
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average of 80% lutite (~ 2 ~m) and
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) )
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.\ ! ') )
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ì/ )
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10 m2, with an average value of 1.3
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The laminated zones and overlying p
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) ) Figure 4.7. Graph of carbonate
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) ) z 0 N O~ E I i ,,_.' i." I ." .
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) ì i Figure 4.8. Curves of carbon
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currents have transported many Fora
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increased dissolution (elevated lys
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TABLE 4.1. MINERALOGY OF THE c 2 ~m
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the following peaks and weighting f
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Obvi ous ly, di 1 uti on of the nor
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The m i n era log i c a 1 com po si
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gray 1 uti t e s per s i s t n ear
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) )
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TABLE 5.1. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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and thus the T-Z zonation (Fig. 5.1
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) ) )
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TABLE 5.2. AVERAGE RATES OF SEDIMEN
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Cl z: c: l/ l. i- c: Cl z: o OJ IX
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consolidated (A.J. Silva, pers. com
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) ) _/
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\ ) \ ì ../
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in age, and the ash is probably ass
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') .I \...../
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122 must result from mixing with th
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eas twa rd flow of NADW between 150
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whi ch recorded currents for about
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,) , ,
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ottom photographs in February, 1972
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Several important features were obs
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141 turn north in the western part
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145 bottle spacing. An example is t
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~() ~ 3.0 ~ ~ ) ~ ~i. ) .. ~ 2.0 ~i
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) ) Figure 6.6. Silicate ("g-atoms/
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) ) ~ 2.2 ~ 2.0 t2 ~ tt ~" 1.8 .. ~
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,) -) 152 structure persist at and
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) ~) 154 Figure 6.7. Current patter
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) ) 72° DEPTH IN CORR. METERS Fi g
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) ) speeds of 2 cm/sec (the stall s
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) I / Fi gure6. 8. 158 Progressi ve
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" ) / ) 10 19 17 5 5616 M 5801 M N
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) ) ~ 160 Figure 6.9. Polar histogr
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. ì )
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,) B(LOWER) START 22 B(UPPER) START
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) ) Figure 6.11. Polar histogram of
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) 2700 ) 00 1800 F; g u re 6. 11 C
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, ) ) _/ Figure 6.12. 168 Progress
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\ --~ E START 21 5 30 12 XI 21 xu )
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) / i I .~J the flow recorded at cu
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) Figure 6.13. Directions and relat
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') ./ ) ,j 70° 68° 66° ~~oo · "
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Fig u re 6. 14. i 75 Bottom photogr
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S e c t ion 2 (F i g s. 6. 1, 6. 7)
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northwest flow along the west flank
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filter (0.50 lJmpore size). After f
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. '! ) ) ,./ 2.2 ~ 2.i () '- 2.0 ~
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) ) Figure 7.3. Light-scattering pr
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'\. './. V 23-7 V 23-6 V 25-74 V 25
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extensive erosion on the lower cont
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) \/ (SEM) to determine composition
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\ ) ) Figure 7.4. 195 Scanning elec
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) \ ./
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'i j
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The less than 2 ~m (lutite) fractio
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201 In a sample where additional cl
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TAB LE 7. 1. CALCULATE D CLAY MI NE
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:1 / , ì j
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I ) \ )
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cannot always be accepted at face v
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The apparent enrichment of chlorite
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in favor of the concept that the su
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on the north flank of the far easte
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that enough suspended matter has be
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The following pages describe a mode
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) )
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series of ridges associated with an
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Eocene to 01 i gocene (Monroe, 1968
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:') ¡i )
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\ i / ') ./
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(Table 8.1). The interbedded silts
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229 Chase and Hersey, 1968). The th
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\ ! Figure 8.3. 231 Schematic diagr
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Downslope sedimentation covered the
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) 235 Fi gure 8.4. Sketch showi ng
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'\ l ) ~z w u w a: o ~ wz w o u ~ w
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) / the same event of current-contr
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) Figure 8.5. Idealized representat
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) \ ) d / 'I i II I Ii I i I i I I
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) \ ) formed earlier depositional s
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) ) homogenei ty of the sediments o
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) ) 2 ) Sou t h S lop e - P u e rt
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248 Biscaye, P.E. and S.L. Eittreim
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Ericson, D.B., M. Ewing, G. Wollin
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Hersey, J.B. (1965) Sediment pondin
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McCullough, J.R. and G.H. Tupper (1
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Swallow, J.C. and L.V. Worthington
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" ) )
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259 approximation of the amount of
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s ~ 0 ~ Q) o '- CO 0 U ~ it \f0 Q)
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) )
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Crui se All 11 All 11 AII 60 Leg 8
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TABLE A2.1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (Con
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TAB LE A2. 1. BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPHS (C
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CH 19 CH 19 CH 19 CH 34 CH 34 TABLE
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KN25 KN 25 KN 25 KN 25 TABLE A2.1.
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LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 LL 8 SA C ru is
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) )
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s. .. M i. 0 1. " .. QJ ..- N .. C'
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~.. c. 0' 0 .. Q)+l- ~ 0' 0' 0 ~ M
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TABLE A3.1. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE M
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) -) APPENDIX IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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) ) Figure A4.1. Plots of water con
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) ) C\' 0 § to ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ CI Q:
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) /) 295 Figure A4.5. Plots of wate
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'-. ~, 160 SHEAR STRENGTH 30 50 (g/
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) ) Figure A4.6. Plots of water con
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) . ) .
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) ) 307 Fi gure A4.11. Plots of wat
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"-, ',, WATER CONTENT (% DRY WEIGHT
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) j 309 Figure A4.12. Plots of wate
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) ) ./
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) 312 WATER CONTENT (%DRY WT) SHEAR
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) J BIOGRAPHY Born: Ma rch 19, 1946
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') \ ) ~UWDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
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) J
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UNCLASSI FIED 1/31/74 SECURITY CLAS
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