WBC-VIII-Vol.4 – Resources – Forestry, Plantations and ... - BambuSC

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identification, apparent unsuitability of the species for the area, and the fact that this species was only planted in Kakamega, the species is not included in this analysis. Another case is that of Dendrocalamus. asper. The relatively good performance of this species under cultivation in Nairobi suggests that this species may be interesting for plantations. D. asper was planted in the Muguga trials but the species was not identified at the site, so no data was recorded for analysis. It is possible that D. asper was mixed up with D. brandisii. In Kakamega, a clump resembling D. asper was observed in the plot of D. brandisii. D. asper was however not originally included in the Kakamega trial site. Some elements of doubt therefore remain in the analyses and taxonomical clarifications are required. Methodology The method of analyzing the sites involved the following steps: 1) Observations were made on various clumps of each species and the number of culms and new shoots per clump was counted or estimated. In very dense clumps it was not possible to count the number of culms and therefore an estimate of the number of culms was made based on the number of culms counted for a particular area of the clump. Based on the counted and/or estimated number of culms of the sampled clumps of each species, average numbers of culms per clump per species was calculated. 2) The observation of the clumps involved visually identifying small, medium, and large culms and measuring the circumference of selected samples using a measuring tape. Based on the measured samples of various sizes of culms of each species, and taking into account the fact bamboo culms are tapered from the base towards the tip of the culm, an average culm diameter was calculated for each species. 3) The average height of the culms of each species was determined in many cases, roughly by observation, as well as accurately, by felling culms and measuring their precise length in meters. This method was applied by sampling culms in several clumps and an average height per species was calculated. 4) The wall thickness of the bamboo culms was calculated based on published information (as well as on unpublished information collected by the author over the years) regarding the ratio of wall thickness to culm diameter per species. 5) The dry weight of culms was calculated of the basis of the solid volume of the bamboo culm, using the specific gravity of bamboo to determine the mass. In calculating the volume of the culms, radial shrinkage of the culms is taken into account. Shrinkage ranges from 4-14% in the wall thickness and 3-12% in diameter. (Liese, 1985.) Culm shrinkage varies from species to species and depends very much on the moisture content of the culm at the time of harvesting. As a working assumption, the mean radial shrinkage factor of 9% in the wall thickness and 7.5% in diameter for tropical bamboos was assumed. The specific gravity of bamboo ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 (0.9) g/cm³ (Liese, 1985). The value of 0.65 was taken as a working assumption for all species, which is the approximate value for most species of the Bambusa and Dendrocalamus genera. The mass to volume ratio of air dried bamboo with 11% moisture is about 0.7 g/m³ and this was used as a working assumption for determining air dry weight of culms. The solid volume of bamboo is determined by multiplying the length of the culm by the solid cross section area of the culm. The solid cross section area is calculated by subtracting the culm cavity cross section area from the total cross section area. The cross section areas are calculated using the formula for the area of a circle (Area = Πr²). Once the solid volume of the culm is estimated, the mass can be determined by means of the mass to volume ratio of bamboo. The method is purely mathematical but provides a rough estimation of culm weight. The actual average weight of the culms may vary by +/-20%. Clearly, the most accurate way of VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-119
determining culm weight is by physically weighing the dry culms, but this was not possible due to time and logistical constraints. 6) The estimated potential yield in tons (dry basis) per hectare per year was made with the assumption that, on average, 25% of the culms per clump are annually harvested. The figure of 25% or ¼ of the culms was used on the basis that only 3 year old mature culms are harvested and that new culms (year 0), as well as 1 and 2 year old culms are left to mature. There are variations in the number of new shoots that appear each year so the figure of 25% is a working assumption. There may be years when fewer culms are mature and ready for harvesting, while in other years the harvest will be much greater. Clump management and maintenance as well as climactic factors play a leading role in productivity. In this regard, bamboo is not different from most other crops. 7) Given the fact that the plantations are not well managed, it was assumed that the commercial yield would be lower than the potential yield. It was assumed that in a poorly managed plantation only 40% of the culms would be sellable. 8) To compare the performance of the species in the KEFRI trials, collected data on the average physical properties of the culms of the species in their natural range in Asia was used for benchmarking. Averages of culm height, diameter, wall thickness, and dry weight culm in the KEFRI plantations were calculated and compared to the benchmark values. 9) Analytic data per species and per location was sorted in order to rank the species in terms of three categories: (a) Estimated Potential Yield in Tons (Air Dry Basis) per ha/year; (b) Average dry weight of the culm; and (c) Height of the culm. Analyses of the KEFRI Bamboo Trials Abbreviations Used in the Analytic Tables: • H = Average Height of mature culms in Meters • D = Average Diameter of Mature Tapered Culms in Meters • WT = Average Wall Thickness in millimeters • DM = Estimated Average Air Dry Weight of Culm in Kilograms • AC = Average number of culms per clump • EY = Estimated Potential (air dried) Yield in Tons per hectare per year based on 5mX5m planting (400 plants/ha) with felling of only mature culms (25% of total culms) and extraction of dead or rotting culms. • CY = Commercial yield refers to tons per ha per year of top quality culms. 40% of Estimated Potential Yield (EY) is assumed. • RYS = Relative Yield Performance Ratio of a Species in Kenya. Each species with the highest Estimated Potential Yield (EY) is used as the basis for calculating the RYS ratio for the same species in different trial sites in Kenya. Thus, RYS = EY of a Species in Site X / EY of the same Species in the site where it obtains the highest EY. The RYS of the species with the highest yield in any of the various trial sites is therefore equal to 1. VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-120
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VOLUME 4 Resources - Forestry, Plan
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Planning, Designing and Implementin
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As indicated earlier, the major ind
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Soil : Most bamboos are found in sa
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Financial aspects: Unit cost- The u
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Repayment period The bank loan was
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promoting new bamboo projects throu
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Planning Commission, 2003. Report o
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hectares; bamboo (both natural and
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internode length, height, girth, st
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Seeds Availability of seed is limit
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Oxytenanthera stocksii Pleoblastus
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References Anon. 1997. Compendium o
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inventory of harvestable volume and
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Some climbing bamboos are presently
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Research breakthroughs The pioneer
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A = 20 mm C = 10 mm Scale: 1-10 mm
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Abstract Integrated Management of B
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In the other hand, guadua bamboo fo
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For bamboo species, models for pred
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showed higher coefficient of determ
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30 cm above ground level and closel
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. Cumls per clump 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Figure 11. Capability of land for g
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productivity (Camargo et al. 2007).
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esidues (Deuchars et al. 1999). Soi
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Conclusions and recommendations For
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References Arbeláez, A.C. 1996. Re
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Orrego, S.A. ,Del Valle, J.I. 2001.
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shoot earlier in the winter. Hence,
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Results and Discussion Effects of B
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and Ald, Alp, Alo and AlT. However,
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Panting time Table 1. Soil properti
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Exchangeabl e Al ( mg kg -1 ) 300 2
Page 69 and 70: Al cont ent ( mg/ kg) 3000 2500 200
Page 71 and 72: aboveground and belowground competi
Page 73 and 74: Shoot harvests represent a smaller
Page 75 and 76: Culm thinning practice The intensit
Page 77 and 78: the withholding of fertiliser reduc
Page 79 and 80: References Castaneda-Mendoza A.; Va
Page 81 and 82: Tree yield (t ha -1 ) 200 (a) 150 1
Page 83 and 84: Bamboo has called the poorperson’
Page 85 and 86: Department and Forest Survey of Ind
Page 87 and 88: Table 4. Total target under NBM in
Page 89 and 90: 1) Statistical information Fundamen
Page 91 and 92: Abstract Evaluation of Above Ground
Page 93 and 94: Table 1: Linear relationship betwee
Page 95 and 96: References Agarwal, A.; Khokhar, D.
Page 97 and 98: Fig 2. Bamboo Plantation at hill to
Page 99 and 100: in northern Sudan stretches from ea
Page 101 and 102: Culm Height Omjamena forest site re
Page 103 and 104: References Andrews, J. 1950. The fl
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2. The Studied Bamboo Forest
Page 107 and 108: Figure 1: A not maintained bamboo f
Page 109 and 110: amboo forests are not maintained. I
Page 111 and 112: NPO Kitakyushu Biotope Network Grou
Page 113 and 114: In the area around the Kitakyushu S
Page 115 and 116: Number of participants The bamboo f
Page 117 and 118: Abstract Performance of Exotic Bamb
Page 119: The trial sites of Kakamega and Mug
Page 123 and 124: Table 5: Performance of Cephalostac
Page 125 and 126: For instance, Table 12 shows that,
Page 127 and 128: Species to Site Matching Table 16:
Page 129 and 130: Table 18: General Ranking of Specie
Page 131 and 132: Table 20: General Ranking of Specie
Page 133 and 134: Table 22: Relative Yield Performanc
Page 135 and 136: Table 24: Species per Site - Benchm
Page 137 and 138: altitude but has excellent growing
Page 139 and 140: NEMA, (2004). State of the Environm
Page 141 and 142: Research Site and Method Research i
Page 143 and 144: Discussion As of the research in 19
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Change of density and occu
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. Distribution of diameter
Page 149: 2 Figure 3. Distribution of diamete
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