WBC-VIII-Vol.4 – Resources – Forestry, Plantations and ... - BambuSC

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Succession of Bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zuc.) Riparian Forest Vegetation after Gregarious Flowering Abstract Shibata, Shozo Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan Ecological research of Phyllostachys bambusoides riparian forest was practiced for 16 years from about 20 years after gregarious flowering. As a result it was indicated that the recovering vigorousness of P. bambusoides after flowering was continued at least for 25 years. Tree species were suppressed by bamboo again during the research. The bamboo forest vegetation is considered to need more than 25 years after bamboo flowering to stable the vegetation condition. Moreover, at the stable and unmanaged P. bambusoides forests, it is shown that a large amount of new culms is produced on every two or three years, and the culms of the following year are comparatively small and die young. Introduction In Japan, most of Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold et Zuccarini flowered gregariously and died from the end of 1960’s to the beginning of 1970’s (Kasahara 1971). In this gregarious flowering, it was recorded that little seeds were produced and almost all the P. bambusoides populations regenerated by unique behavior. Although this report is not aimed to notice this regeneration system, this was asexual reproduction by the sprouting of next generation bamboo shoots from new rhizomes. This flowering gave severe damages to the bamboo industries in Japan. After that, most of the bamboo industries abandoned to get bamboo timbers from their local areas. Notwithstanding most P. bambusoides forests recovered in a following decade, the new system to get bamboo timbers was not restored to its former state. At the same time, just after the flowering, many bamboo forests were converted to the other land uses. To obtain the materials for bamboo industries, much of them were not harvested in local areas and are purchased not only from other domestic areas but also from foreign countries. At present time, many recovering P. bambusoides forests in Japan are under unmanaged condition and scarce of constant management. As a result, in many bamboo forests the density control is not practiced, therefore, the quality of the produced bamboo timber from such kind of bamboo forests is very low. Here, it is reported the results of the ecological research for 16 years at the unmanaged P. bambusoides riparian forest, which is very common condition in Japan now, and of the analyses of the vegetation succession in mixed bamboo forest with broad-leaved trees following to the recovery of bamboo after flowering. VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-139
Research Site and Method Research is continuing at the riparian bamboo forest along Echi River, which is one of the main rivers in the east-coast plain of Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. In 1990, the physiognomy survey between the middle part and lower part of river was carried out as the first step, and the change of land use and vegetation for about 100 years was traced using the topographical maps and aerial photographs (Yoshida et. al 1991). According to the results of this survey, four research sites were set. Vegetation research was started in 1992. Here, mainly, the results of one research site, which is located in the P. bambusoides forests sparsely mixed with broad-leaved trees, was analyzed. Research site locates on the right bank of Echi River, 8 km upstream from the mouth. One quadrat of 40m*40m was set up. On this site, whole area was used for the research of tree species and a half of the area (20m*40m) was used for P. bambusoides. The research was executed in the fall of 1992 and 1994, and in the spring of 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Species name, location, and diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) were surveyed for tree species, and location and d.b.h. for P. bambusoides. Results Physiognomy Survey of Vegetation along Echi River The occurrence of P. bambusoides along Echi River was frequent as a whole, and the rate of occurrence in 1990 was 70% (Table 1). A lot of deciduous tree species belonging to Ulmaceae and Fagaceae, which are very popular as the component of riparian forest vegetation, appeared. As a common forest physiognomy, P. bambusoides with Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera and Zelkova serrata occupy the canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved tree species, like Quercus glauca, appear as a component of the middle and shrub layer. Nevertheless Pinus densiflora is presumed to have occupied large area, it is decreasing their population because of pine wilt disease. This presumption was supported by the appearance of many dead pine trees. Cryptomeria japonica also appeared comparatively in high frequency as plantation. All the individuals of this species are inferred to be planted just after the flowering of P. bambusoides aiming the change of land use. Vegetation Transition before and after the Flowering of P. bambusoides Using two aerial photographs, taken before and after the bamboo flowering (1961 and 1982), the comparison of vegetation was carried out. The year of 1961 and 1982 are about ten years before and after bamboo flowering, respectively. The decrease of P. bambusoides crown caused by the flowering obviously promoted the expansion of the crowns of tree species. P. bambusoides forests took at least ten years to recover enough crowns after flowering. It means that, during the recovery process of bamboo forest, the seedlings and saplings of tree species on the forest floor get a chance to grow up without any suppression of bamboo. The rate of expansion of tree species was compared using the change of crown density and occupied area of tree crown (Table 2). The result shows that they increased 450% and 400% in maximum, respectively. VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-140
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VOLUME 4 Resources - Forestry, Plan
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Planning, Designing and Implementin
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As indicated earlier, the major ind
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Soil : Most bamboos are found in sa
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Financial aspects: Unit cost- The u
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Repayment period The bank loan was
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promoting new bamboo projects throu
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Planning Commission, 2003. Report o
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hectares; bamboo (both natural and
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internode length, height, girth, st
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Seeds Availability of seed is limit
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Oxytenanthera stocksii Pleoblastus
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References Anon. 1997. Compendium o
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inventory of harvestable volume and
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Some climbing bamboos are presently
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Research breakthroughs The pioneer
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A = 20 mm C = 10 mm Scale: 1-10 mm
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Abstract Integrated Management of B
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In the other hand, guadua bamboo fo
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For bamboo species, models for pred
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showed higher coefficient of determ
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30 cm above ground level and closel
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. Cumls per clump 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Figure 11. Capability of land for g
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productivity (Camargo et al. 2007).
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esidues (Deuchars et al. 1999). Soi
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Conclusions and recommendations For
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References Arbeláez, A.C. 1996. Re
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Orrego, S.A. ,Del Valle, J.I. 2001.
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shoot earlier in the winter. Hence,
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Results and Discussion Effects of B
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and Ald, Alp, Alo and AlT. However,
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Panting time Table 1. Soil properti
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Exchangeabl e Al ( mg kg -1 ) 300 2
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Al cont ent ( mg/ kg) 3000 2500 200
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aboveground and belowground competi
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Shoot harvests represent a smaller
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Culm thinning practice The intensit
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the withholding of fertiliser reduc
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References Castaneda-Mendoza A.; Va
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Tree yield (t ha -1 ) 200 (a) 150 1
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Bamboo has called the poorperson’
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Department and Forest Survey of Ind
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Table 4. Total target under NBM in
Page 89 and 90: 1) Statistical information Fundamen
Page 91 and 92: Abstract Evaluation of Above Ground
Page 93 and 94: Table 1: Linear relationship betwee
Page 95 and 96: References Agarwal, A.; Khokhar, D.
Page 97 and 98: Fig 2. Bamboo Plantation at hill to
Page 99 and 100: in northern Sudan stretches from ea
Page 101 and 102: Culm Height Omjamena forest site re
Page 103 and 104: References Andrews, J. 1950. The fl
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2. The Studied Bamboo Forest
Page 107 and 108: Figure 1: A not maintained bamboo f
Page 109 and 110: amboo forests are not maintained. I
Page 111 and 112: NPO Kitakyushu Biotope Network Grou
Page 113 and 114: In the area around the Kitakyushu S
Page 115 and 116: Number of participants The bamboo f
Page 117 and 118: Abstract Performance of Exotic Bamb
Page 119 and 120: The trial sites of Kakamega and Mug
Page 121 and 122: determining culm weight is by physi
Page 123 and 124: Table 5: Performance of Cephalostac
Page 125 and 126: For instance, Table 12 shows that,
Page 127 and 128: Species to Site Matching Table 16:
Page 129 and 130: Table 18: General Ranking of Specie
Page 131 and 132: Table 20: General Ranking of Specie
Page 133 and 134: Table 22: Relative Yield Performanc
Page 135 and 136: Table 24: Species per Site - Benchm
Page 137 and 138: altitude but has excellent growing
Page 139: NEMA, (2004). State of the Environm
Page 143 and 144: Discussion As of the research in 19
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Change of density and occu
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. Distribution of diameter
Page 149: 2 Figure 3. Distribution of diamete
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