WBC-VIII-Vol.4 – Resources – Forestry, Plantations and ... - BambuSC

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Genetic Improvement and Conservation of Bamboos in India Abstract Ombir Singh Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Bamboo is woody grass belonging to the sub-family Bambusoideae of the family Poacae. There are more than 1,250 species under 75 genera of bamboo worldwide, which are unevenly distributed in the various parts of the humid tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions of the earth. India has the largest area and the second largest reserve of bamboo in the world today. There are 124 indigenous and exotic species, under 23 genera, found naturally and/or under cultivation. In spite of rich diversity, the productivity of bamboo forests in India is very low i.e. 4.5 million tones per year. Bamboo today is a major non-wood forest product and wood substitute and also important from socioeconomic and cultural point of view. Quickly changing its image from the “poor man’s tree” to a high-tech industrial raw material and wood substitute, bamboo is globally recognized now as an increasingly important economic asset in poverty eradication and economic & environmental development. The ever-increasing demand for bamboo due to various reasons is not commensurate with the current demand of bamboo materials. The main reasons for the gap are: low productivity of bamboo forests and plantations, inadequate supply of quality planting stock and lack of scientific advancement in plantation technology. Hitherto there is a need of raising improved bamboo planting stock to enhance the productivity of the species for which a systematic approach for bamboo improvement starting from exploration, collection, preservation and evaluation of the germ-plasm is essential. A bamboo improvement programme consisting of selection of bamboo plus clumps, collection and conservation of plus clumps in germ-plasm bank, standardization of mass multiplication techniques of improved propagules, standardization of silvicultural & plantation management practices, and multi-location trial of the selected germ-plasm to test the genetic worth of superior bamboo germplasm are in progress at various research Institutes all over India to meet the ever increasing demand of bamboo raw material. The results of the bamboo improvement programme are very encouraging, however, results of multi-location trials are still awaited, the outcome of which can be used in further deployment of productive clones in specific areas of the country. Introduction Bamboo is woody grass belonging to the sub-family Bambusoideae of the family Poacae. There are more than 1,250 species under 75 genera of bamboo worldwide, which are unevenly distributed in the various parts of the humid tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions of the earth. 'Bamboo' the poor man's timber is one of the most important forestry species with wide distribution throughout the India. India has the largest area and the second largest reserve of bamboo in the world today. A very large standing resource is found mostly in moist and deciduous forests in all the states except Jammu & Kashmir. Of India’s total forest area of 67.7 million VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-15
hectares; bamboo (both natural and planted) occupies around 11.4 million hectares. This represents 16.7 percent of the total forest area of the country and 3.4 percent of the total geographical are (329 million hectares) of India (FSI 2003). Bamboo constitutes important species occurring widely in the Indian forests and forms the understorey in the natural forests. It is found to grow practically all over the country, particularly in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions where the annual rainfall ranges between 1,200 mm to 4,000 mm and the temperature varies between 16 o C and 38 o C. The most suitable conditions for the occurrence of bamboo are found in between 770-1,080 meter above sea level. However, two-thirds of the growing stock of bamboo in the country is available in the north-eastern states. Bamboo forms a part of a wide variety of forest types in Indian forests. It may constitute a separate forest type or sub-type or occur as brakes. The forest types/sub types in India are listed in Table 1 (Champion and Seth 1968). Table 1. Distribution of Bamboo in different Forest types S.N. Forest Type No. Forest type/Sub type Dominant Species 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1/E2 2/E2 3/E2 3/2S1 5/E9 8/E1 12/DS1 West Bamboo Brakes West Bamboo Brakes Moist Bamboo Brakes Dry Bamboo Brakes Dry Bamboo Brakes Reed Brakes Montane Bamboo Brakes Ochlandra sp, Bambusa sp. Ochlandra sp, Bambusa sp. Bambusa bambos, Schizostachyum kurzii. Dendrocalamus strictus. Dendrocalamus strictus. Ochlandra sp. Sinarundinaria sp. There are 124 indigenous and exotic species under 23 genera, found naturally and/or under cultivation (Naithani 1993). Clump forming bamboo constitute over 67% of the total growing stock, of which Dendrocalamus strictus is 45%, Bambusa bambos 13%, D. hamiltonii 7%, B. tulda 5% and B. pallida 4%. All other species put together are 6%. Melocanna baccifera, a non-clump forming bamboo, accounts for 20% of the growing stock and is found in the north-eastern states of India. Bamboo falls into two main categories according to growth pattern, (i) sympodial or clump forming, (ii) monopodial or non-clump forming, runner bamboo. North-east India supports about 50% of the total genetic resources followed by peninsular India ( Eastern & Western Ghats), which accounts for about 23% of the genetic resources occurring naturally. North-western India, Indo-Gangetic plains and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands account for the remaining bamboo diversity in India. Bamboo today is a major non-wood forest product and wood substitute and also important from socioeconomic & cultural point of view. Quickly changing its image from the “poor man’s tree” to a high-tech industrial raw material and wood substitute, bamboo is globally recognized now as an increasingly important economic asset in poverty eradication and economic & environmental development. Bamboo has always played an important economic and cultural role across Asia and its usage is growing rapidly in Latin America and Africa as well. Since the beginning of civilization bamboo has played an important part in daily lives of people in India. Bamboo craft is one of the oldest cottage industries primarily due to versatility, strength, lightness, easy VIII World Bamboo Congress Proceedings Vol 4-16
Page 1 and 2: VOLUME 4 Resources - Forestry, Plan
Page 3 and 4: Planning, Designing and Implementin
Page 5 and 6: As indicated earlier, the major ind
Page 7 and 8: Soil : Most bamboos are found in sa
Page 9 and 10: Financial aspects: Unit cost- The u
Page 11 and 12: Repayment period The bank loan was
Page 13 and 14: promoting new bamboo projects throu
Page 15: Planning Commission, 2003. Report o
Page 19 and 20: internode length, height, girth, st
Page 21 and 22: Seeds Availability of seed is limit
Page 23 and 24: Oxytenanthera stocksii Pleoblastus
Page 25 and 26: References Anon. 1997. Compendium o
Page 27 and 28: inventory of harvestable volume and
Page 29 and 30: Some climbing bamboos are presently
Page 31 and 32: Research breakthroughs The pioneer
Page 33 and 34: A = 20 mm C = 10 mm Scale: 1-10 mm
Page 35 and 36: Abstract Integrated Management of B
Page 37 and 38: In the other hand, guadua bamboo fo
Page 39 and 40: For bamboo species, models for pred
Page 41 and 42: showed higher coefficient of determ
Page 43 and 44: 30 cm above ground level and closel
Page 45 and 46: . Cumls per clump 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 47 and 48: Figure 11. Capability of land for g
Page 49 and 50: productivity (Camargo et al. 2007).
Page 51 and 52: esidues (Deuchars et al. 1999). Soi
Page 53 and 54: Conclusions and recommendations For
Page 55 and 56: References Arbeláez, A.C. 1996. Re
Page 57 and 58: Orrego, S.A. ,Del Valle, J.I. 2001.
Page 59 and 60: shoot earlier in the winter. Hence,
Page 61 and 62: Results and Discussion Effects of B
Page 63 and 64: and Ald, Alp, Alo and AlT. However,
Page 65 and 66: Panting time Table 1. Soil properti
Page 67 and 68:
Exchangeabl e Al ( mg kg -1 ) 300 2
Page 69 and 70:
Al cont ent ( mg/ kg) 3000 2500 200
Page 71 and 72:
aboveground and belowground competi
Page 73 and 74:
Shoot harvests represent a smaller
Page 75 and 76:
Culm thinning practice The intensit
Page 77 and 78:
the withholding of fertiliser reduc
Page 79 and 80:
References Castaneda-Mendoza A.; Va
Page 81 and 82:
Tree yield (t ha -1 ) 200 (a) 150 1
Page 83 and 84:
Bamboo has called the poorperson’
Page 85 and 86:
Department and Forest Survey of Ind
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4. Total target under NBM in
Page 89 and 90:
1) Statistical information Fundamen
Page 91 and 92:
Abstract Evaluation of Above Ground
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1: Linear relationship betwee
Page 95 and 96:
References Agarwal, A.; Khokhar, D.
Page 97 and 98:
Fig 2. Bamboo Plantation at hill to
Page 99 and 100:
in northern Sudan stretches from ea
Page 101 and 102:
Culm Height Omjamena forest site re
Page 103 and 104:
References Andrews, J. 1950. The fl
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 2. The Studied Bamboo Forest
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 1: A not maintained bamboo f
Page 109 and 110:
amboo forests are not maintained. I
Page 111 and 112:
NPO Kitakyushu Biotope Network Grou
Page 113 and 114:
In the area around the Kitakyushu S
Page 115 and 116:
Number of participants The bamboo f
Page 117 and 118:
Abstract Performance of Exotic Bamb
Page 119 and 120:
The trial sites of Kakamega and Mug
Page 121 and 122:
determining culm weight is by physi
Page 123 and 124:
Table 5: Performance of Cephalostac
Page 125 and 126:
For instance, Table 12 shows that,
Page 127 and 128:
Species to Site Matching Table 16:
Page 129 and 130:
Table 18: General Ranking of Specie
Page 131 and 132:
Table 20: General Ranking of Specie
Page 133 and 134:
Table 22: Relative Yield Performanc
Page 135 and 136:
Table 24: Species per Site - Benchm
Page 137 and 138:
altitude but has excellent growing
Page 139 and 140:
NEMA, (2004). State of the Environm
Page 141 and 142:
Research Site and Method Research i
Page 143 and 144:
Discussion As of the research in 19
Page 145 and 146:
Table 2. Change of density and occu
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. Distribution of diameter
Page 149:
2 Figure 3. Distribution of diamete
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