Vol. 5/2009 - Facultatea de Litere

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• It is primarily concerned with the dynamic relationship of the various receptors to the respective message and not merely with matching the target language message to the source language one; • The emphasis is thus on communication, more precisely on the third term of the communication relationship, on the receptors i.e. the receptors of the translation, within the context of their own culture should be able to respond to the message as given in their own language, in the same manner as the original receptors responded to the message communicated to them, in their own language and within the context of their own culture. The translation is not measured merely in terms of whether the words are understandable (the sentence is grammatically correct) but also in terms of the total impact the message has on the receptors. In this particular context, we shall set side by side a formal equivalence translation and a dynamic equivalence translation of the same Romanian text: Apreciem că o cerinţă fundamentală a zilelor noastre este trecerea la măsuri concrete de dezarmare generală şi, în primul rând, la dezarmarea nucleră. Progresul, pacea şi securitata în zilele noastre sunt nemijlocit legate de lupta pentru lichidarea subdezvoltării. We appreciate that a fundamental requirement of our days is the passing to concrete measures of general disarmament and, in the first place, of nuclear disarmament. We consider it a fundamental necessity of our times that a switch over be made to practical measures of general disarmament, and primarily of nuclear disarmament. Progress, peace and security in our days are directly linked with the fight for the liquidation of underdevelopment. Nowadays, progress, peace and security are closely bound up with the struggle for eliminating underdevelopment. Whereas in the formal equivalence translation there are clumsy structures because of the translator’s concentration on the source text, the dynamic equivalence translation, in which the translator has had primarily the receptors and their response in the focus of attention, is a natural, fully clear and understandable message. As Nida points out, the choice of a particular type of translation by the translator depends on: the nature of message, the purpose of the author and the translator, the type of audience. To conclude with, translating is more than a compromise, it means a continuous balancing. The translator’s task finally consists in weighing one factor against another but the result of this conscious work, creative in a way of its own is sure to be a better translation than one in which all the above considerations have not been taken into account. What we need in the translation of Romanian texts is a text which speaks to the people employing the inner language of the heart. References Bantaş, A., Croitoru, E. (1999) Didactica traducerii, Bucureşti: Teora. Bell, R. (1991) Translation and Translating. Theory and Practice, London and New York: Longman. Gentzler, E. (1993) Contemporary Translation Theories, London and New York: Routledge. Mc Guire- Bassnett, S. (1991) Translation Studies, revised edition, London: Clays Ltd. Nida, E., Taber, R. (1976) Translation (Application and Research), Garden Press Inc.: New York. 11
Translation Studies: Retrospective and Prospective Views ISSN 2065-3514 (2009) Year II, Issue 5 Galaţi University Press Editors: Elena Croitoru & Floriana Popescu Proceedings of the 4th Conference Translation Studies: Retrospective and Prospective Views 8-9 October 2009, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galaţi, ROMÂNIA pp. 12-17 TYPES OF REFERENCE – ACHIEVING COHESION BY CREATING LINKS BETWEEN ELEMENTS Mădălina CERBAN General considerations on cohesion In this paper we follow the model of cohesion set up by Halliday and Hasan in 1976 in Cohesion in English. According to them, cohesion and coherence can be studied only within a text pointing out that in fact we study the product of the process of talking or writing, listening or reading. Generally, we refer to text as a written product because it is easier to notice its structural organization. The organization of text is both formal and semantic, but it is important to think of it as “an outgoing process of meaning” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 524). Cohesion studies the textual metafunction of the text which refers to the system of Theme, achieved by marked or unmarked Theme selections, giving prominence to a certain pattern (also known as “method of development”, Halliday 1995), e.g chronology and focus on Subject in narrative and biographical discourse, and angle of assessment, e.g. hypothesis in scientific discourse. The textual metafunction develops a set of lexicogrammatical systems which, alongside the semantic and contextual resources, create and interpret a text. There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English: conjunction, reference, ellipsis and lexical organization. In this paper we are concerned with reference as a relationship between things or facts which may be established at various distances in texts and which can also turn any passage of text into a clause participant. 1. General considerations on textual metafunction Textual metafunction refers to the resources which mark the textual status of a text. “By textual statuses, we mean values assigned to elements of discourse that guide speakers and listeners in processing these elements” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 549). At a level of textual metafunction there is a close semantic relationship between the system of information and the system of Theme, namely between information structure and thematic structure. These two structures have totally different functions within the flow of the text. The Theme represents the point of departure for the information presented further in the text while the New retains this information. The Theme and the New belong to textual structure of the clause; at the same time the textual status (reference and ellipsis) does not. “[…] while an element is marked cohesively as identifiable by means of a grammatical item such as the nominal substitute they, or as a continuous by means of a grammatical item such as the nominal substitute one, the textual statuses of identifiability and continuity are not structural functions of the clause or of any grammatical unit” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 550). 12
Page 1 and 2: 2009 Year II Issue 5 TRANSLATION ST
Page 3 and 4: Translation Studies: Retrospective
Page 7 and 8: 6'. Il a mal aux dents, mon bébé
Page 9 and 10: Cependant il faut noter que certain
Page 13 and 14: In the following example the aim of
Page 15: message and not the personal judgem
Page 19 and 20: Mother: Mine is not so beautiful. J
Page 21 and 22: We should notice that the signals o
Page 25 and 26: falls on the most prominent word in
Page 27 and 28: The conclusion is that the Romanian
Page 31 and 32: häufig in humoristischer, parodist
Page 33 and 34: „Jeder soll selbst entscheiden, w
Page 35 and 36: humaine, dans des images soit tragi
Page 37 and 38: l’homme « à barbe de bouc et au
Page 39 and 40: [5] Toutes les citations sont tiré
Page 41 and 42: interprétatives 6. Pour ce qui est
Page 43 and 44: Pour conclure, l’absence de SV ai
Page 45 and 46: Certains facteurs peuvent jouer un
Page 49 and 50: The way in which standard collocati
Page 51 and 52: As regards the translation of the c
Page 55 and 56: such, in an attempt to dramatize, o
Page 57 and 58: Y: ok 3. Intensity 3.1. Powerful i
Page 59 and 60: [20] Negotiation recorded from a TV
Page 61 and 62: Analyse des définitions Pour l’a
Page 63 and 64: Familier B. - P. ext. et souvent au
Page 65 and 66: Conclusion Ce type d’investigatio
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dissociation, or the dissociated no
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history and for Romanian adevărat
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Translation Studies: Retrospective
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Grice (1978) groups the maxims into
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We propose a new term for ’cancel
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wraps each lash”, “modern techn
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stimulate all metabolism. A polyfra
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empirically proven. In other ads, s
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(8) L’Oréal promises “Captivat
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outils efficaces et l’intérêt p
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ne correspondent plus à la langue
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86 • Keynesianomics (< Keynes + e
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‘Doctrine’, ‘Principle’ or
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much as it is of the simultaneous i
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Such shocking images, also called b
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expression, movement, posture to su
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genuine communication has penetrate
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schools of business. For profession
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odată cu exit-ul unui alt fond de
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3. Results Structurally, mathematic
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manifold (Quantemion-Kahler manifol
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languages. It has been pointed out
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minorities, of asylum seekers, flig
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power relations and as a power stru
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means that if things are continuall
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A careful consideration of the foll
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5. Part of the Truth ’’The word
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Une analyse plus raffinée des verb
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l’égard du contenu propositionne
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L1 (multiple, l’opinion publique)
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Legislators and judges want their c
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Mackinlay (2002) offers the followi
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The nominal character generally dis
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Ultimately, we have come across wha
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essential information: a government
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their reason, encourages or intimid
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Alexandru PRAISLER, “Dunărea de
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Raluca (BONTA) GALIŢA, University
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Floriana POPESCU, “Dunărea de Jo
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Ioan-Lucian Popa, Translation Theor
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