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Determining Cisco Router Memory Size - The show version EXEC command is able to tell how much Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and packet memory (separate SRAM or shared memory) are installed in a Cisco router. - The Cisco 4000, 4500, 4700, and 7500 series routers have separate DRAM and packet memory. The example below shows a router with 64M of DRAM and 2M of SRAM (packet memory): cisco RSP4 (R5000) processor with 65536K/2072K bytes of memory. The example below shows a router with 256M of DRAM and 8M of SRAM (packet memory): cisco RSP8 (R7000) processor with 262144K/8216K bytes of memory. - The Cisco 1600, 2500, 2600, 3600, and 7200 series routers use a fraction of their DRAM as packet memory. Hence both numbers need to be added to find out the real amount of DRAM. The example below shows a router with 29696K + 3072K = 32768K = 32M of DRAM. cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision x) with 29696K/3072K bytes of memory. The example below shows a router with 93184K + 5120K = 98304K = 98M of DRAM. cisco 2621XM (MPC860P) processor (revision) with 93184K/5120K bytes of memory. - DRAM is mainly used for system processing, eg: storing routing tables, routing protocols data, network accounting information, and running the Cisco IOS software; while packet memory is used for packet buffering of the router network interfaces and CPU cache memory functions. The packet memory on Cisco 4000, 4500, 4700, and 7500 series routers is the total physical I/O memory (also known as SRAM or Fast Memory); while the packet memory on Cisco 1600, 2500, 2600, 3600, and 7200 series routers is the amount of shared memory, which is a portion of the DRAM. - The terms I/O memory (iomem), shared memory, Fast Memory, and PCI memory are all refer to Packet Memory, which is either a separate physical RAM stick or module, or shared DRAM. - Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that does not need to be periodically refreshed as Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Memory refresh is the process of periodically reading information from an area of computer memory, and rewriting the read information back to the same area immediately without any modification. SRAM is still volatile, as the data stored in it is eventually lost when the memory is not powered. - SRAM is more expensive, but faster and far less power hungry when idle (no periodical refresh) compared to DRAM. Additionally, due to a more complex internal structure, SRAM is less dense that DRAM and hence not used for high-capacity, low-cost applications, eg: PC main memory. The Myth of the Running Configuration file - The reload privileged command is the only way to restore the configuration of a device into its last reboot state. Replacing the running-config with the startup-config or a configuration file from a TFTP server will be unsuccessful – configuration is merged instead of being overwritten. - The Configuration Replace and Configuration Rollback feature which introduced in Cisco IOS Release 12.3(7)T and 12.2(25)S provides the capability to replace the current running configuration with any configuration file. The configure replace privileged command can be used to overwrite the running configuration. 253 Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
Spanning Tree Protocol Port ID - When 2 switches are interconnected with multiple cross cables, the root port of the non-root bridge switch (SW2) is the port that connects to the lowest Port ID of the root bridge (SW1). SW1 (1111.1111.1111) 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 SW1 (1111.1111.1111) 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 SW2 (2222.2222.2222) SW2 (2222.2222.2222) Figure A6-8: Spanning Tree Protocol Port ID Router-on-a-Stick VLAN Trunking Encapsulation and IP Address Configuration - Below shows the configuration sequence of VLAN trunking encapsulation and IP address on a router subinterface in Router-on-a-Stick setup. The VLAN trunking encapsulation must be configured prior to configuring an IP address. RT1#conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. RT1(config)#int fa0/0.1 RT1(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 % Configuring IP routing on a LAN subinterface is only allowed if that subinterface is already configured as part of an IEEE 802.10, IEEE 802.1Q, or ISL VLAN. RT1(config-subif)# RT1(config-subif)#encapsulation ? dot1Q IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN isl Inter Switch Link - Virtual LAN encapsulation sde IEEE 802.10 Virtual LAN - Secure Data Exchange RT1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 1 RT1(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 RT1(config-subif)#^Z RT1# RT1#sh int fa0/0.1 FastEthernet0/0.1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is AmdFE, address is cc01.0520.0000 (bia cc01.0520.0000) Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation 802.1Q Virtual LAN, Vlan ID 1. ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 RT1# 254 SW1 (1111.1111.1111) 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 SW2 (2222.2222.2222) SW1 (1111.1111.1111) 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 0/1 0/2 0/3 0/4 SW2 (2222.2222.2222) Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Yap
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Cop
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Upper Layers Lower Layers Applicati
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Cisco Hierarchical Model - Defined
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Header Length (4) Source Port (16)
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- Socket is a communication channel
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- The length of an IP address is 32
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- The following section discusses s
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- Below lists the 2 sublayers in th
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- Each switch port does not share t
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- Below lists the switch internal p
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Physical Layer - The physical layer
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- Another way to reduce emissions i
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Figure 3-7: Single-Mode and Multimo
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Wireless AP Switch Figure 3-8: 802.
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- Below lists the common IOS CLI er
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RT1#show running-config interface F
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- Cisco IOS treats a mistyped comma
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- Below describes the STP convergen
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- Refer back to Figure 5-1B, assume
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- A switch running RSTP only need 6
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Port Security Configuration - Port
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SW2# 00:25:00: STP: VLAN0001 new ro
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- Both protocols utilize a 12-bit V
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Layer 4 Switching (Content Switchin
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- VTP Pruning provides a way to pre
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VLAN Trunking Protocol Configuratio
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- VLAN information will not be prop
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- Private IP addresses are non-rout
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- Some materials calculate the numb
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Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) c250
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- CDP is enabled by default. The no
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Troubleshooting IP - Internet Contr
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- Firstly, PC1 purposely sends out
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- Below describes the operation of
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Maximum Hop Count Hop count metric
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- Invalid Timer specifies how long
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- Initial configuration on RT2: Rou
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- Static Routing configuration on R
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- RIPv1 and IGRP are classful routi
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- IGRP configuration on RT2: RT2(co
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MISC IP Routing Commands - The pass
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- OSPF uses a reliable protocol to
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- OSPF areas break up a network so
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- EIGRP uses the same formula as us
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- Autosummarization EIGRP supports
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- OSPF Single-Area configuration on
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- The show ip ospf database EXEC co
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OSPF Multiarea Configuration Area 1
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- Below lists the different termino
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- Verify the EIGRP configuration on
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- When a link to a neighbor fails,
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- Below shows the beauty of VLSM. B
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- RT1 and RT3 are summarizing route
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- RIPv1 and IGRP perform autosummar
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RT1#sh ip route Gateway of last res
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MTU and Fragmentation - Maximum Tra
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- Figure 17-1 shows the usage of CI
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- Static NAT performs one-to-one ma
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172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 172.16.1.3 17
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- Below shows the IP NAT debugging
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- The access list indicates whether
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- Access Control List (ACL) is the
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- Below lists some other usages of
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- Standard IP Access Lists configur
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RT2#sh access-lists example01 Exten
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WAN Network RT1 CSU/DSU CSU/DSU RT2
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Remote Access Technologies - Remote
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Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) - DS
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Point-to-Point Serial Links (Leased
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- Comparisons between synchronous a
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- PPP Encapsulation configuration o
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- The function of the username {rem
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- 3 LMI protocol options are availa
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- Comparisons between Frame Relay L
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RT1 RT2 RT3 Figure 23-7A: RT1 with
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- IETF Frame Relay encapsulation ty
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RT1 Frame Relay RT2 DLCI 101 Frame
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- The interface serialx.y point-to-
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- Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfa
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- Rate Shifting or Adaptive Rate Se
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- By operating in the 5GHz radio ba
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- Every packet from every access po
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Virtual Interface (mandatory) Servi
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Wireless Security - Organizations t
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Wireless Management - WLANs require
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Cisco Wireless LAN Configuration -
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- ISDN offers very fast call setup
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- ISDN was designed to reuse the ex
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- ISDN PRIs are often being used fo
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- Routing protocols are unable to l
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DDR Step 4: Determining when to ter
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- The show interfaces bri{num:0 | 1
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DDR Dialer Profiles Configuration -
Page 205 and 206: - Note: IP addresses are configured
Page 207 and 208: - Below show the routing tables on
Page 209 and 210: - The configuration above defines 2
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Page 223 and 224: - The 3 possible Frame Relay PVC st
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Page 249 and 250: - Q: How does a client application
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Page 253 and 254: TCP Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
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Page 261 and 262: - Sample Subnet Zero configuration:
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Page 289 and 290: IEEE 802.11 Standards and Specifica
Page 291 and 292: - Figure A6-20 shows the frame form
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Page 301 and 302: - IPsec supports the following 3 ty
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Troubleshooting ISDN E1/T1 Physical
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- Below addresses ISDN E1/T1 contro
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 2 - Unde
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 3 - Only
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ISDN Loopback Test Call - In a loop
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96 Number changed. The called numbe
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C2 Channel type not implemented. Th
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locking state, STP, 39 BNC, 27 bool
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show vlan, 57 show vtp status, 58 s
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framing, 22 MAC addresses, 22 stand
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K keepalives EIGRP, 95 Frame Relay,
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PAT (Port Address Translation), 127
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star topologies, 25 startup-config
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