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VLAN Trunking Protocol - VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is the <strong>Cisco</strong>-proprietary L2 protocol used to exchange and maintain a consistent VLAN database across Catalyst switches in an administrative domain. VTP minimizes misconfiguration and eases the configuration task by reducing manual configuration needs. VTP facilitates centralized VLAN management – VLAN configuration (eg: addition, deletion, and renaming of VLANs) only needs to be made on a single switch and the configuration will be propagated to all other switches in the same VTP domain. Ex: The changing of the name for a particular VLAN on a switch will be distributed to other switches. Hence no configuration is needed on those switches. - Below lists the operation of VTP: i) Modification of VLAN information in a VTP server. ii) Increments the VLAN configuration revision number (+1). iii) The VTP server sends out a VTP advertisement with a higher revision number. iv) VTP clients notice the configuration when the revision number larger than its current one. v) VTP clients synchronize their VLAN configurations with the new VLAN information. - By default, VTP servers flood VTP advertisements throughout a VTP domain every 10 minutes, or whenever there is a VLAN configuration change. VTP advertisements are sent as multicasts. A VTP domain is also known as a VLAN management domain. - A higher configuration revision number indicates that the received VLAN information is more current than the current information. A switch would ignore a VTP advertisement with a revision number that is the same or lower with its current revision number. - Caution: Inserting a VTP client or server with a higher configuration revision number into a VTP domain can overwrite the VLAN information on existing VTP servers and clients. - The methods that can be used to reset the VTP configuration revision number of a switch are: i) Change the VTP domain name, and change back to the original VTP domain name. ii) Change to VTP Transparent mode, and change back to VTP Server mode. - Below list the VTP operation modes: Server (default) There must be at least one VTP server in a VTP domain. Only VTP server switches are allowed to create, add, modify, and delete VLANs. Changes made on a VTP server switch will be advertised throughout the entire VTP domain. Can save VLAN config in NVRAM. Client Can receive and forward VTP advertisements, but cannot create, add, modify, nor delete VLANs. They process received advertisements and synchronize their VLAN configuration. Cannot save VLAN configuration in NVRAM. They synchronize the VLAN configuration with other switches upon reboot. Transparent Do not participate in the VTP domain (ignore VTP advertisements), but still forward VTP advertisements. Switches operate in this mode can create, add, modify, and delete their own VLANs but do not advertise the configuration to other switches (locally significant only). Can save VLAN config in NVRAM. - Note: VTP advertisements are only propagated across (or sent over) trunk links. VTP advertisements can be sent over all types of trunk links, eg: ISL, 802.1Q, and ATM LANE. Additionally, all switches in the VTP domain must be configured to use the same VTP version. 55 Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
- VTP Pruning provides a way to preserve bandwidth by configuring switches to only send broadcasts and unknown unicasts to the trunks to other switches that need the information (contain ports in a particular VLAN). VTP pruning is disabled by default, which means broadcasts and unknown unicasts in every VLAN is forwarded to all switches in the network. Ex: SW1 does not have any ports configured for VLAN 2, thus broadcasts sent to VLAN 2 should not be forwarded to the trunk to SW1 (pruning flooded traffic to conserve bandwidth). Note: VLAN 1 can never be pruned because it is an administrative VLAN. - The [no] vtp pruning privileged or global configuration command is used to enable or disable VTP pruning respectively. VTP pruning only need to be enabled on a single VTP server mode switch throughout a VTP domain. VTP pruning utilizes VLAN advertisements for its operation. - Note: VTP pruning requires all switches in the VTP domain to be configured in server mode, which can create havoc if multiple administrators are making VLAN changes on multiple server switches at the same time. - When PVST is in use, STP optimization for each VLAN and VTP pruning are important to ensure STP changes that occur in a particular VLAN will not affect other STP instances for other VLANs, which results in a more stable network. 56 Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Yap
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Cop
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Upper Layers Lower Layers Applicati
Page 7 and 8: Cisco Hierarchical Model - Defined
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Page 11 and 12: Header Length (4) Source Port (16)
Page 13 and 14: - Socket is a communication channel
Page 15 and 16: - The length of an IP address is 32
Page 17 and 18: - The following section discusses s
Page 21 and 22: - Below lists the 2 sublayers in th
Page 23 and 24: - Each switch port does not share t
Page 25 and 26: - Below lists the switch internal p
Page 27 and 28: Physical Layer - The physical layer
Page 29 and 30: - Another way to reduce emissions i
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-7: Single-Mode and Multimo
Page 33 and 34: Wireless AP Switch Figure 3-8: 802.
Page 35 and 36: - Below lists the common IOS CLI er
Page 37 and 38: RT1#show running-config interface F
Page 39 and 40: - Cisco IOS treats a mistyped comma
Page 43 and 44: - Below describes the STP convergen
Page 45 and 46: - Refer back to Figure 5-1B, assume
Page 47 and 48: - A switch running RSTP only need 6
Page 49 and 50: Port Security Configuration - Port
Page 51 and 52: SW2# 00:25:00: STP: VLAN0001 new ro
Page 55 and 56: - Both protocols utilize a 12-bit V
Page 57: Layer 4 Switching (Content Switchin
Page 61 and 62: VLAN Trunking Protocol Configuratio
Page 63 and 64: - VLAN information will not be prop
Page 65 and 66: - Private IP addresses are non-rout
Page 67 and 68: - Some materials calculate the numb
Page 71 and 72: Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) c250
Page 73 and 74: - CDP is enabled by default. The no
Page 75 and 76: Troubleshooting IP - Internet Contr
Page 77 and 78: - Firstly, PC1 purposely sends out
Page 79 and 80: - Below describes the operation of
Page 81 and 82: Maximum Hop Count Hop count metric
Page 83 and 84: - Invalid Timer specifies how long
Page 85 and 86: - Initial configuration on RT2: Rou
Page 87 and 88: - Static Routing configuration on R
Page 89 and 90: - RIPv1 and IGRP are classful routi
Page 91 and 92: - IGRP configuration on RT2: RT2(co
Page 93 and 94: MISC IP Routing Commands - The pass
Page 95 and 96: - OSPF uses a reliable protocol to
Page 97 and 98: - OSPF areas break up a network so
Page 99 and 100: - EIGRP uses the same formula as us
Page 101 and 102: - Autosummarization EIGRP supports
Page 103 and 104: - OSPF Single-Area configuration on
Page 105 and 106: - The show ip ospf database EXEC co
Page 107 and 108: OSPF Multiarea Configuration Area 1
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- Below lists the different termino
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- Verify the EIGRP configuration on
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- When a link to a neighbor fails,
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- Below shows the beauty of VLSM. B
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- RT1 and RT3 are summarizing route
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This page is intentionally left bla
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- RIPv1 and IGRP perform autosummar
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RT1#sh ip route Gateway of last res
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MTU and Fragmentation - Maximum Tra
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- Figure 17-1 shows the usage of CI
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- Static NAT performs one-to-one ma
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172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 172.16.1.3 17
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- Below shows the IP NAT debugging
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- The access list indicates whether
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- Access Control List (ACL) is the
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- Below lists some other usages of
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- Standard IP Access Lists configur
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RT2#sh access-lists example01 Exten
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WAN Network RT1 CSU/DSU CSU/DSU RT2
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Remote Access Technologies - Remote
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Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) - DS
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Point-to-Point Serial Links (Leased
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- Comparisons between synchronous a
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- PPP Encapsulation configuration o
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- The function of the username {rem
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- 3 LMI protocol options are availa
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- Comparisons between Frame Relay L
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RT1 RT2 RT3 Figure 23-7A: RT1 with
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- IETF Frame Relay encapsulation ty
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RT1 Frame Relay RT2 DLCI 101 Frame
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- The interface serialx.y point-to-
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- Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfa
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- Rate Shifting or Adaptive Rate Se
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- By operating in the 5GHz radio ba
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- Every packet from every access po
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Virtual Interface (mandatory) Servi
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Wireless Security - Organizations t
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Wireless Management - WLANs require
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Cisco Wireless LAN Configuration -
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- ISDN offers very fast call setup
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- ISDN was designed to reuse the ex
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- ISDN PRIs are often being used fo
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- Routing protocols are unable to l
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DDR Step 4: Determining when to ter
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- The show interfaces bri{num:0 | 1
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DDR Dialer Profiles Configuration -
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- Note: IP addresses are configured
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- Below show the routing tables on
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- The configuration above defines 2
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cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman
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Catalyst Switch IOS Upgrade Procedu
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Catalyst Switch IOS Upgrade Procedu
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Cisco Router Password Recovery Proc
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Catalyst Switch Password Recovery P
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Switch> Switch>en Switch#rename con
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- The 3 possible Frame Relay PVC st
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Constructing a Compound Frame Relay
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8. Once the frame is completed, it
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Decimal Hex Binary Decimal Hex Bina
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MISC Basic Networking Notes - The m
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MISC Data Link Layer Notes - Ethern
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- The 5-4-3 repeater deployment rul
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Ethernet Autonegotiation and Duplex
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The TCP Connection States timeout s
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- Q: How does a client application
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- Urgent Data Pointer (16 bits) ind
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TCP Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
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- Local Proxy ARP is used when ther
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Spanning Tree Protocol Port ID - Wh
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The Problem of Router-on-a-Stick Co
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- Sample Subnet Zero configuration:
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The permanent keyword in the Static
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RIPv1 and VLSM RT1 RT4 Figure A6-9:
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- Below shows the NAT operations on
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Bidirectional (2-Way) NAT PC1 172.1
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- Note: A router does not require a
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The Access Control List established
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Switch Port Access Control Lists -
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- Below shows a sample Dynamic Acce
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Router(config)#ip access-list exten
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Optional PPP Commands - The compres
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- Below shows the output of the PPP
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- Below shows the output of the PPP
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- Below configure the username and
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IEEE 802.11 Standards and Specifica
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- Figure A6-20 shows the frame form
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- Below lists the IEEE 802.11 manag
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IEEE 802.11 Types and Subtypes Type
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Client (Supplicant) EAPOL-Start EAP
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- IPsec-based VPN is comprised of 2
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- IPsec supports the following 3 ty
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Version Header Length Time To Live
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- The authentication pre-share ISAK
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Troubleshooting ISDN E1/T1 Physical
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- Below addresses ISDN E1/T1 contro
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 2 - Unde
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 3 - Only
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ISDN Loopback Test Call - In a loop
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96 Number changed. The called numbe
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C2 Channel type not implemented. Th
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locking state, STP, 39 BNC, 27 bool
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show vlan, 57 show vtp status, 58 s
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framing, 22 MAC addresses, 22 stand
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K keepalives EIGRP, 95 Frame Relay,
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PAT (Port Address Translation), 127
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star topologies, 25 startup-config
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