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- Below shows the output of the show ip protocols EXEC command on RT2: RT2#sh ip protocols Routing Protocol is "igrp 1" Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 56 seconds Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 IGRP maximum hopcount 100 IGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: igrp 1 Maximum path: 4 Routing for Networks: 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.4.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 192.168.2.1 100 00:00:48 192.168.4.2 100 00:01:03 Distance: (default is 100) RT2# - The debug ip igrp events privileged command provides a summary view of the IGRP events. RT2#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RT2# 00:15:30: IGRP: received update from 192.168.2.1 on Serial0/0 00:15:30: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:15:30: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:15:42: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (192.168.2.2) 00:15:42: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 3 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:15:42: IGRP: Total routes in update: 3 RT2# - The debug ip igrp transactions privileged command provides detailed IGRP debugging messages. RT2#debug ip igrp transactions IGRP protocol debugging is on RT2# 00:17:32: IGRP: received update from 192.168.2.1 on Serial0/0 00:17:32: network 192.168.1.0, metric 8486 (neighbor 110) 00:17:32: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (192.168.4.1) 00:17:32: subnet 192.168.1.0, metric=8486 00:17:32: subnet 192.168.2.0, metric=8476 00:17:32: subnet 192.168.3.0, metric=110 RT2# - RT2 does not advertise the 192.168.5.0 network back to RT3 due to split horizon. - The no metric holddown router subcommand disables holddown, in which an IGRP router may accept a route from another IGRP router as soon as the current route has became invalid. 89 Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
MISC IP Routing Commands - The passive-interface {intf-type intf-num} router subcommand is the simplest solution to prevent a routing protocol from sending its routing updates out to an interface; but the interface can still receive (and process) routing updates for a particular routing protocol. There is no point sending routing updates out an interface where there is no router to receive the routing updates. Note: Network information for passive interfaces will still be included in routing updates. - The maximum-paths {max-paths-num} router subcommand defines the number of same metric parallel paths to a same subnet that can be added to the routing table (and perform load balancing over the links in a round-robin basis). Its value is ranging from 1 to 6, with the default of 4. Setting max-paths-num to 1 to disable load balancing. Only values other than 4 will be shown in the output of the show running-config command. RT1(config)#router rip RT1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 RT1(config-router)#passive-interface fa1/0 RT1(config-router)#maximum-paths 6 RT1(config-router)#^Z RT1# - Since the metrics calculated and used by IGRP (and EIGRP) are very unlikely to be equal, the variance router subcommand can be used to achieve unequal cost path load balancing. - The variance {multiplier} router subcommand defines a multiplier. All routes with metric value less than or equal to lowest metric x variance multiplier are considered equal. Ex: With a lowest metric of 100 and variance of 2, all routes with a metric ≤ 200 are considered equal. Note: multiplier value = 1 – 128. The default is 1, which means equal cost path load balancing. - IGRP (and EIGRP) routers perform load balancing across multiple routes with different metrics to a same subnet by distributing traffic proportionally to the ratios of the metrics of the unequal cost paths. The traffic-share min across-interfaces router subcommand tells a router to use only the lowest metric route even if the routing table has multiple unequal cost routes to a same subnet due to the variance command. - With the variance and traffic-share min across-interfaces router subcommands, IGRP is able to perform instantaneous convergence! Because by having multiple routes to a same subnet in the routing table, whenever the best route fails, the router can simply select and use the second best route among the remaining routes. - The show protocols EXEC command displays all the routed protocols and the interfaces and addresses that are configured for each protocol. RT2#sh protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.2.2/24 Serial0/1 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.4.1/24 FastEthernet1/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.3.1/24 RT2# 90 Copyright © 2008 Yap Chin Hoong yapchinhoong@hotmail.com
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Yap
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CCNA Complete Guide 2nd Edition Cop
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Upper Layers Lower Layers Applicati
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Cisco Hierarchical Model - Defined
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Header Length (4) Source Port (16)
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- Socket is a communication channel
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Physical Layer - The physical layer
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- Another way to reduce emissions i
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Figure 3-7: Single-Mode and Multimo
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Wireless AP Switch Figure 3-8: 802.
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- Below lists the common IOS CLI er
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RT1#show running-config interface F
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- Cisco IOS treats a mistyped comma
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Page 73 and 74: - CDP is enabled by default. The no
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Page 81 and 82: Maximum Hop Count Hop count metric
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Page 115 and 116: - Below shows the beauty of VLSM. B
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- Standard IP Access Lists configur
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RT2#sh access-lists example01 Exten
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WAN Network RT1 CSU/DSU CSU/DSU RT2
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Remote Access Technologies - Remote
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Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) - DS
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Point-to-Point Serial Links (Leased
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- Comparisons between synchronous a
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- PPP Encapsulation configuration o
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- The function of the username {rem
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- 3 LMI protocol options are availa
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- Comparisons between Frame Relay L
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RT1 RT2 RT3 Figure 23-7A: RT1 with
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- IETF Frame Relay encapsulation ty
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RT1 Frame Relay RT2 DLCI 101 Frame
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- The interface serialx.y point-to-
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- Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfa
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- Rate Shifting or Adaptive Rate Se
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- By operating in the 5GHz radio ba
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- Every packet from every access po
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Virtual Interface (mandatory) Servi
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Wireless Security - Organizations t
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Wireless Management - WLANs require
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Cisco Wireless LAN Configuration -
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- ISDN offers very fast call setup
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- ISDN was designed to reuse the ex
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- ISDN PRIs are often being used fo
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- Routing protocols are unable to l
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DDR Step 4: Determining when to ter
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- The show interfaces bri{num:0 | 1
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DDR Dialer Profiles Configuration -
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- Note: IP addresses are configured
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- Below show the routing tables on
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- The configuration above defines 2
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cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman
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Catalyst Switch IOS Upgrade Procedu
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Catalyst Switch IOS Upgrade Procedu
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Cisco Router Password Recovery Proc
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Catalyst Switch Password Recovery P
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Switch> Switch>en Switch#rename con
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- The 3 possible Frame Relay PVC st
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Constructing a Compound Frame Relay
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8. Once the frame is completed, it
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Decimal Hex Binary Decimal Hex Bina
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MISC Basic Networking Notes - The m
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MISC Data Link Layer Notes - Ethern
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- The 5-4-3 repeater deployment rul
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Ethernet Autonegotiation and Duplex
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The TCP Connection States timeout s
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- Q: How does a client application
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- Urgent Data Pointer (16 bits) ind
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TCP Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
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- Local Proxy ARP is used when ther
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Spanning Tree Protocol Port ID - Wh
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The Problem of Router-on-a-Stick Co
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- Sample Subnet Zero configuration:
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The permanent keyword in the Static
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RIPv1 and VLSM RT1 RT4 Figure A6-9:
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- Below shows the NAT operations on
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Bidirectional (2-Way) NAT PC1 172.1
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- Note: A router does not require a
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The Access Control List established
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Switch Port Access Control Lists -
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- Below shows a sample Dynamic Acce
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Router(config)#ip access-list exten
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Optional PPP Commands - The compres
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- Below shows the output of the PPP
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- Below shows the output of the PPP
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- Below configure the username and
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IEEE 802.11 Standards and Specifica
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- Figure A6-20 shows the frame form
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- Below lists the IEEE 802.11 manag
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IEEE 802.11 Types and Subtypes Type
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Client (Supplicant) EAPOL-Start EAP
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- IPsec-based VPN is comprised of 2
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- IPsec supports the following 3 ty
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Version Header Length Time To Live
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- The authentication pre-share ISAK
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Troubleshooting ISDN E1/T1 Physical
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- Below addresses ISDN E1/T1 contro
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 2 - Unde
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Troubleshooting ISDN Layer 3 - Only
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ISDN Loopback Test Call - In a loop
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96 Number changed. The called numbe
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C2 Channel type not implemented. Th
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locking state, STP, 39 BNC, 27 bool
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show vlan, 57 show vtp status, 58 s
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framing, 22 MAC addresses, 22 stand
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K keepalives EIGRP, 95 Frame Relay,
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PAT (Port Address Translation), 127
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star topologies, 25 startup-config
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