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majority of the mosquito species collected were Cx. pipiens (36.8%) and Ae. albopictus (31.4%), followed by Ae. vexans (13.0%), Cx. restuans (11.5%), Cx. salinarius (3.1%), Ae. canadensis (2.1%), Ae. triseriatus (2.0%), Ae. taeniorhynchus (0.1%), and Ae. sollicitans (0.0%). In the Hampton Roads region, the largest percentage of competent vectors collected was of the genus Aedes (51.1%), followed by Culex (48.9%). The majority of the mosquito species collected was Ae. canadensis (32%), followed by Cx. salinarius (26.9%), Cx. pipiens (11.9%), Ae. vexans (9.5%), Ae. albopictus (6.2%), Cx. restuans (6.1%), Ae. taeniorhynchus (6.1%), Ae. sollicitans (0.9%), and Ae. triseriatus (0.5%). Twenty-two percent of all mosquitoes collected in Virginia were collected in Chesapeake City. Fairfax County (18.23%) and Suffolk City (8.56%) collected the next highest number of potential RVF competent vectors. Wise county had the highest abundance index (12.10) followed by Prince Edward County (10.23) and Roanoke City (7.89). . 97
Table 4.7. Virginia competent vector mosquito surveillance statistics by county for 2000- 2006 County Records b # Mosquitoes # Trap Sites 98 # Trap Nights # Mosquitoes per Trap Night Mean # Mosquitoes Abundance Index c Albemarle County 50 457 18 50 9.14 18.80 0.87 Alexandria City 580 28603 34 3535 8.09 14.16 0.77 Arlington County 1204 48528 70 4275 11.35 16.01 1.08 Bedford County 3 20 1 3 6.67 17.67 0.63 Bristol City 2 15 1 2 7.50 20.50 0.71 Brunswick County 6 12 2 6 2.00 9.67 0.19 Caroline County 91 10929 12 187 58.44 25.93 5.54 Charlottesville City 182 4246 24 304 13.97 19.72 1.32 Chesapeake City 4290 266225 111 14883 17.89 15.11 1.70 Chesterfield County 142 1519 25 179 8.49 17.27 0.80 Colonial Heights City 9 99 4 9 11.00 17.33 1.04 Culpeper County 7 34 2 7 4.86 11.86 0.46 Emporia City 43 949 8 95 9.99 16.09 0.95 Fairfax City 298 18168 9 1378 13.18 14.27 1.25 Fairfax County 5932 212984 220 26193 8.13 14.05 0.77 Falls Church City 3 28 1 12 2.33 9.00 0.22 Fauquier County 42 673 11 60 11.22 17.88 1.06 Floyd County 17 185 2 32 5.78 15.94 0.55 Fluvanna County 7 31 1 7 4.43 14.57 0.42 Franklin County 7 22 3 7 3.14 10.57 0.30 Fredericksburg City 105 1865 29 110 16.95 22.57 1.61 Giles County 18 164 1 38 4.32 13.67 0.41 Gloucester County 27 1236 6 48 25.75 21.44 2.44 Goochland County 14 862 3 14 61.57 23.93 5.84 Hampton City 517 14340 27 1699 8.44 12.81 0.80 Hanover County 42 494 11 51 9.69 17.79 0.92 Henrico County 2819 63986 327 4972 12.87 19.55 1.22 Hopewell City 37 450 12 37 12.16 20.57 1.15 King George County 4 16 2 5 3.20 13.25 0.30 King William County 15 141 4 15 9.40 18.73 0.89 Loudoun County 328 6221 56 912 6.82 14.58 0.65 Lynchburg City 17 145 7 17 8.53 17.18 0.81 Mecklenburg County 2 26 1 2 13.00 21.50 1.23 Montgomery County 68 1280 7 194 6.60 16.60 0.63 Nelson County 5 18 1 5 3.60 14.80 0.34 Newport News City 257 3474 101 319 10.89 18.25 1.03 Norfolk City 4303 98042 340 21617 4.54 13.51 0.43 Patrick County 2 10 1 2 5.00 16.50 0.47
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
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1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
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(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
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(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
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have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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flooding of grassland depressions c
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and created mosquito breeding habit
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may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
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virus during inter-epizootic period
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grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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animals during RVF outbreaks or col
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sufficient and continued contact be
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Environmental factors are directly
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animals could arrive in an uninfect
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GIS technology and RS data has been
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NDVI is calculated as a normalized
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In September 2006, the RVF forecast
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In the U.S. RVF is not present and
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changes in mosquito populations in
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Page 63 and 64: mountain range of the Appalachian M
Page 65 and 66: The land area of Hampton Roads incl
Page 67 and 68: 52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
Page 75 and 76: Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
Page 85 and 86: normalize differences among surveil
Page 87 and 88: for three regions of Virginia - Nor
Page 89 and 90: Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
Page 91 and 92: of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
Page 93 and 94: When test data are available, MaxEn
Page 95 and 96: Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
Page 99 and 100: 1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
Page 101 and 102: Bioecology of Species Selected for
Page 103 and 104: ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
Page 105 and 106: 90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
Page 107 and 108: The majority of mosquitoes were col
Page 109 and 110: Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
Page 111: Table 4.6. Virginia competent vecto
Page 115 and 116: 4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
Page 117 and 118: 102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
Page 119 and 120: Regional graphical analyses In Figu
Page 121 and 122: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 125 and 126: Competent vector species were plott
Page 129 and 130: Predictor correlation analyses Whil
Page 131 and 132: temperature of the coldest month (b
Page 133 and 134: data. Mosquito populations tend to
Page 135 and 136: 120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
Page 137 and 138: 122 was 0.003. At this threshold, t
Page 139 and 140: 124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142: 126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144: 128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148: heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150: 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152: study; predicted suitable habitat w
Page 153 and 154: state. The high risk in this region
Page 155 and 156: The results of this study indicate
Page 157 and 158: It is recommended that species dive
Page 159 and 160: individually and over smaller time
Page 161 and 162: 146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
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148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
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150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
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152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
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154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
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Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
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Larva - immature form of certain or
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Vector competence - the vector comp
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REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
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Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
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Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
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Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
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NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
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Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
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Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
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WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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