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Table 3.3. Land-cover legend. The geographic distributions of the 17 classes of land-cover are based on the International Geosphere-Biosphere (IGBP) land cover class scheme. Code Category Description 0 Water Oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. Can be either fresh or salt water bodies 1 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage. 2 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage. 3 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of seasonal needleleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods. 4 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of seasonal broadleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods. 5 Mixed Forests Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of tree communities with interspersed mixtures or mosaics of the other four forest cover types. None of the forest types exceeds 60% of landscape. 6 Closed Shrublands Lands with woody vegetation less than 2 meters tall and with shrub canopy cover is >60%. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous. 7 Open Shrublands Lands with woody vegetation less than 2 meters tall and with shrub canopy cover is between 10-60%. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous. 8 Woody Savannas Lands with herbaceous and other understory systems and with forest canopy cover between 30-60%.The forest cover height exceeds 2 meters. 9 Savannas Lands with herbaceous and other understory systems and with forest canopy cover between 10-30%.The forest cover height exceeds 2 meters. 10 Grasslands Lands with herbaceous types of cover. Tree and shrub cover is less than 10%. 11 Permanent Wetlands Lands with a permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation that cover extensive areas. The vegetation can be present in either salt, brackish, or fresh water. 12 Croplands Lands covered with temporary crops followed by harvest and a bare soil period (e.g., single and multiple cropping systems. Note that perennial woody crops will be classified as the appropriate forest or shrub land cover type. 13 Urban and Built-Up Land covered by buildings and other man-made structures. Note that this class will not be mapped from the AVHRR imagery but will be developed from the populated places layer that is part of the Digital Chart of the World. 14 Cropland/Natural Vegetation Lands with a mosaic of croplands, forest, shrublands, and grasslands in Mosaic which no one component comprises more than 60% of the landscape. 15 Snow and Ice Lands under snow and/or ice cover throughout the year. 16 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated 17 Unclassified Lands exposed soil, sand, rocks, or snow and never has more than 10% vegetated cover during any time of the year. 61
Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Normalized Difference Vegetation Index The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is derived from environmental data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. The AVHRR records 5 bands of spectral data for the entire Earth daily. Data recorded from these spectral bands are available at a resolution of 8km x 8km as daily and composite products from 1981 to the present (Estrada-Pena 1998, NASA EO 2008). The 8 km AVHRR NDVI product was selected because 8 km resolution data can blur some landscape heterogeneity present in urban regions of the study area. 62
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
Page 25 and 26: 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
Page 27 and 28: (e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
Page 29 and 30: (Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
Page 31 and 32: have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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Page 35 and 36: and created mosquito breeding habit
Page 37 and 38: may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
Page 39 and 40: virus during inter-epizootic period
Page 41 and 42: grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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Page 47 and 48: Environmental factors are directly
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Page 51 and 52: GIS technology and RS data has been
Page 53 and 54: NDVI is calculated as a normalized
Page 55 and 56: In September 2006, the RVF forecast
Page 57 and 58: In the U.S. RVF is not present and
Page 59 and 60: changes in mosquito populations in
Page 61 and 62: hosts that are widely dispersed thr
Page 63 and 64: mountain range of the Appalachian M
Page 65 and 66: The land area of Hampton Roads incl
Page 67 and 68: 52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
Page 75: Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
Page 85 and 86: normalize differences among surveil
Page 87 and 88: for three regions of Virginia - Nor
Page 89 and 90: Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
Page 91 and 92: of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
Page 93 and 94: When test data are available, MaxEn
Page 95 and 96: Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
Page 99 and 100: 1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
Page 101 and 102: Bioecology of Species Selected for
Page 103 and 104: ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
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Page 109 and 110: Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
Page 115 and 116: 4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
Page 117 and 118: 102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
Page 119 and 120: Regional graphical analyses In Figu
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Page 123 and 124: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 125 and 126: Competent vector species were plott
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Population Density (mean daily trap
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Predictor correlation analyses Whil
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temperature of the coldest month (b
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data. Mosquito populations tend to
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120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
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122 was 0.003. At this threshold, t
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124 The Jackknife test of variable
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126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
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128 The weighted suitability modeli
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CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
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heavily on rainfall as do the predo
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5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
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study; predicted suitable habitat w
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state. The high risk in this region
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The results of this study indicate
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It is recommended that species dive
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individually and over smaller time
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146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
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148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
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150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
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152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
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154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
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Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
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Larva - immature form of certain or
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Vector competence - the vector comp
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REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
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Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
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Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
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Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
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NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
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Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
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Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
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WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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