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Favier C, Chalvet-Monfray K, Sabatier P, Lancelot R, Fontenille D, Dubois MA. Rift Valley fever in West Africa: the role of space in endemicity. Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Dec;11(12):1878-88. Fielding AH, Bell JF. A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/ absence models. Environ Conserv. 1997;24: 38-49. Finlay GM, Daubney R. The virus of Rift Valley fever enzootic hepatitis. Lancet. 1931;221:1350-1351. Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Diallo M, Thonnon J, Digoutte JP & Zeller HG (1998) New vectors of Rift Valley fever in West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 289–293. Gad AM, Feinsod FM, Allam IH, Eisa M, Hassan AN, Soliman BA, el Said S, Saah AJ. A possible route for the introduction of Rift Valley fever virus into Egypt during 1977. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Oct;89(5):233-6. Gaines D. Virginia Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology. State Public Health Entomologist. Pers. Comm. 2009 Nov. GAO. Emerging Infectious Diseases: Review of State and Federal Disease Surveillance Efforts. United States Government Accountability Office. GAO-04-877. Sept 2004. Gargan TP 2nd, Clark GG, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Vector potential of selected North American mosquito species for Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 Mar;38(2):440-6. GEIS Climate and Disease Connections: Rift Valley Fever Monitor [Internet]. US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System [homepage on the Internet]. 2008 July [cited 19 Aug 2008]. Available from: http://www.geis.fhp.osd.mil/GEIS/SurveillanceActivities/RVFWeb/indexRVF.asp. Gerdes GH. In: King LJ, editor. Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health concern: Rift Valley fever. Rev sci tech. Off. int. Epiz. 2004 Aug;23(2):613-623. Glaser A. In: King LJ, editor. Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health concern: West Nile virus and North America: an unfolding story. Rev sci tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2004 Aug;23(2):557-568. Glass GE, Morgan III JM, Johnson DT, Noy PM, Israel E, Schwartz BS. Infectious disease epidemiology and GIS: a case study of Lyme disease. GeoInfo Systems. 1992;2:65-69. Glass GE, Schwartz BS, Morgan JM, III, Johnson DT, Noy PM, Israel E. Environmental risk factors for Lyme disease identified with geographic information systems. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:944-948. 167
Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shields TM, Doyle TJ, Thoroughman DA, Hunt DK, Enscore RE, Gage KL, Irland C, Peters CJ, Bryan R. Using Remotely Sensed Data To Identify Areas at Risk For Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2000 May;6(3):238. Goetz SJ, Prince SD, Small J. Advances in satellite remote sensing of environmental variables for epidemiological applications. Adv Parasitol. 2000;47:289-307. Gora D, Yaya T, Jocelyn T, Didier F, Maoulouth D, Amadou S, Ruel TD, Gonzalez JP. The potential role of rodents in the enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Microbes Infect. 2000 Apr;2(4):343-6. Grymes CA. Climate of Virginia [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2009 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.virginiaplaces.org. Hay SI, Lennon JJ. Deriving meteorological variables across Africa for the study and control of vector-borne disease: a comparison of remote sensing and spatial interpolation of climate. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4:58-71. Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW. Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature. 2002 Feb 21;415(6874):905-9. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Aug;11(8):1167-73. Hayes RO, Maxwell EL, Mitchell CJ, Woodzick TL. Detection, identification and classification of mosquito larval habitats using remote sensing scanners in earth-orbiting satellites. Bull World Health Org. 1985;63:361-374. Hernandez PA, Graham CH, Master LL, Albert DL. The effect of sample size and species characteristics on performance of different species distribution modeling methods. Ecography. 2006;29:773–785. Hielkema J, Prince USD, Astle WL. Rainfall and vegetation monitoring in the savanna zone of the Democratic Republic of Sudan using the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1986;7,1499–1513. Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol. 2005;25:1965-1978. Hoch AL, Gargan TP 2nd, Bailey CL. Mechanical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by hematophagous Diptera. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985 Jan;34(1):188-93. 168
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
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1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
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(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
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(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
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have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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flooding of grassland depressions c
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and created mosquito breeding habit
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may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
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virus during inter-epizootic period
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grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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animals during RVF outbreaks or col
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sufficient and continued contact be
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Environmental factors are directly
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animals could arrive in an uninfect
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GIS technology and RS data has been
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NDVI is calculated as a normalized
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In September 2006, the RVF forecast
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In the U.S. RVF is not present and
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changes in mosquito populations in
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hosts that are widely dispersed thr
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mountain range of the Appalachian M
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The land area of Hampton Roads incl
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52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
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Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
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Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
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Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
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Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
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Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
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Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
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Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
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3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
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normalize differences among surveil
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for three regions of Virginia - Nor
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Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
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of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
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When test data are available, MaxEn
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Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
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CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
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1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
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Bioecology of Species Selected for
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ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
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90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
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The majority of mosquitoes were col
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Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
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4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
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102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
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Regional graphical analyses In Figu
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Population Density (mean daily trap
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Competent vector species were plott
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Predictor correlation analyses Whil
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Page 139 and 140: 124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142: 126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144: 128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148: heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150: 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152: study; predicted suitable habitat w
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Page 161 and 162: 146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
Page 163 and 164: 148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
Page 165 and 166: 150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
Page 167 and 168: 152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
Page 169 and 170: 154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
Page 171 and 172: Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
Page 173 and 174: Larva - immature form of certain or
Page 175 and 176: Vector competence - the vector comp
Page 177 and 178: REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
Page 179 and 180: Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
Page 181: Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
Page 185 and 186: Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
Page 187 and 188: NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
Page 189 and 190: Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
Page 191 and 192: Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
Page 193 and 194: WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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