Sample A: Cover Page of Thesis, Project, or Dissertation Proposal

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3.5 EVALUATION OF MOSQUITO DENSITY – ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC RELATIONSHIPS The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a proven biologically realistic index of environmental factors influencing mosquito populations. Animal life depends on vegetation, so tracking spatial-temporal variation in vegetation similarly evaluates animal populations (Hielkema et al. 1986). The goal in these regional analyses was to evaluate the relationship or association between NDVI and Virginia mosquito density. Since a species is sampled at multiple locations and NDVI raw and anomaly values vary among locations, mosquito density-NDVI relationships were examined spatially within the 2005-2006 time period for each region as well as temporally by region on a monthly time scale. In the analysis of these relationships, the null expectation or hypothesis is that the mosquito density-NDVI relationships across space and across time are the same, and forms the basis for using NDVI to develop a predictive model for un-sampled areas in Virginia. Temperature and precipitation (in addition to NDVI) have previously been reported to affect mosquito biology (Alto and Juliano 2001, Turell et al. 2005). Environmental- climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, and NDVI) were evaluated to determine which variable is a better predictor of mosquito distribution and abundance. Data preparation Data was not available for all counties for 2000-2006. The majority of the reliable data was for 2005-2006 for the Northern Virginia, Richmond-Petersburg, and Hampton Roads regions. Therefore, only mosquito surveillance data and predictor data (NDVI, elevation, temperature, precipitation, and temperature-rainfall derived values) for 2005-2006 71
for three regions of Virginia – Northern Virginia, Richmond-Petersburg, and Hampton Roads – were used in temporal analyses. The mosquito surveillance data supporting analyses of the Northern Virginia region were from seven counties: Fairfax County, Fairfax City, Loudoun County, Alexandria City (2006 only), Arlington County, Prince William County, and Falls Church City. Four records had inaccurate geographic coordinates that placed the mosquito counts outside of the Northern Virginia region; these records were discarded. A total of 2,581 records 5 for 2005 and 3,274 records for 2006 were included in analyses. The Manassas City and Manassas Park City jurisdictions in the Northern Virginia region were included in the display of results. The mosquito surveillance data supporting analyses of the Richmond-Petersburg region were from five counties: Henrico County, Richmond City, Chesterfield County, Petersburg City, Goochland County. A total of 1,411 records for 2005 and 1,405 records for 2006 were included in analyses. Surrounding jurisdictions (Hopewell City, Charles City County, Dinwiddie County, Hanover County, New Kent County, Powhatan County, Prince George County, Colonial Heights City) in the Richmond-Petersburg region were included in the display of results. The mosquito surveillance data supporting analyses of the Hampton Roads region were from seven counties: Newport News City, Hampton City, Virginia Beach City, Suffolk City, Chesapeake City, Portsmouth City, and Norfolk City. A total of 4,008 records for 2005 and 5,321 records for 2006 were included in analyses. Surrounding jurisdictions (Isle of Wright County, James City County, York County, Surry County, Gloucester County, 5 Each record is the mean monthly mosquito count of a potential RVF competent vector species collected at given trap site. 72
Page 1 and 2:
Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
Page 3 and 4:
DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
Page 5 and 6:
Lastly, I would like to thank all o
Page 7 and 8:
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
Page 9 and 10:
LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
Page 11 and 12:
AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
Page 13 and 14:
ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
Page 15 and 16:
Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
Page 17 and 18:
systematically inventory and monito
Page 19 and 20:
populations), human demographics an
Page 21 and 22:
The geographic distribution of pote
Page 23 and 24:
human and animal health, economic l
Page 25 and 26:
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
Page 27 and 28:
(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
Page 29 and 30:
(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
Page 31 and 32:
have demonstrated that wild ruminan
Page 33 and 34:
flooding of grassland depressions c
Page 35 and 36: and created mosquito breeding habit
Page 37 and 38: may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
Page 39 and 40: virus during inter-epizootic period
Page 41 and 42: grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
Page 43 and 44: animals during RVF outbreaks or col
Page 45 and 46: sufficient and continued contact be
Page 47 and 48: Environmental factors are directly
Page 49 and 50: animals could arrive in an uninfect
Page 51 and 52: GIS technology and RS data has been
Page 53 and 54: NDVI is calculated as a normalized
Page 55 and 56: In September 2006, the RVF forecast
Page 57 and 58: In the U.S. RVF is not present and
Page 59 and 60: changes in mosquito populations in
Page 61 and 62: hosts that are widely dispersed thr
Page 63 and 64: mountain range of the Appalachian M
Page 65 and 66: The land area of Hampton Roads incl
Page 67 and 68: 52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
Page 75 and 76: Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
Page 85: normalize differences among surveil
Page 89 and 90: Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
Page 91 and 92: of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
Page 93 and 94: When test data are available, MaxEn
Page 95 and 96: Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
Page 99 and 100: 1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
Page 101 and 102: Bioecology of Species Selected for
Page 103 and 104: ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
Page 105 and 106: 90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
Page 107 and 108: The majority of mosquitoes were col
Page 109 and 110: Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
Page 115 and 116: 4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
Page 117 and 118: 102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
Page 119 and 120: Regional graphical analyses In Figu
Page 121 and 122: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 125 and 126: Competent vector species were plott
Page 129 and 130: Predictor correlation analyses Whil
Page 131 and 132: temperature of the coldest month (b
Page 133 and 134: data. Mosquito populations tend to
Page 135 and 136: 120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
Page 137 and 138:
122 was 0.003. At this threshold, t
Page 139 and 140:
124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142:
126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144:
128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146:
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148:
heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150:
5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152:
study; predicted suitable habitat w
Page 153 and 154:
state. The high risk in this region
Page 155 and 156:
The results of this study indicate
Page 157 and 158:
It is recommended that species dive
Page 159 and 160:
individually and over smaller time
Page 161 and 162:
146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
Page 163 and 164:
148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
Page 165 and 166:
150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
Page 167 and 168:
152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
Page 169 and 170:
154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
Page 171 and 172:
Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
Page 173 and 174:
Larva - immature form of certain or
Page 175 and 176:
Vector competence - the vector comp
Page 177 and 178:
REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
Page 179 and 180:
Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
Page 181 and 182:
Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
Page 183 and 184:
Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
Page 185 and 186:
Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
Page 187 and 188:
NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
Page 189 and 190:
Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
Page 191 and 192:
Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
Page 193 and 194:
WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
show all

Sample A: Cover Page of Thesis, Project, or Dissertation Proposal

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?