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Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Monthly Weather Review, 1987;115:1606-1626. Sadanandane C, Jambulingam P, Subramanian S. Role of modified CDC miniature light-traps as an alternatice method for sampling adult anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in the National Mosquito Surveillance Programme in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2003;94:55-63. Savill NJ, Shaw DJ, Deardon R, Tildesley MJ, Keeling MJ, Woolhouse ME, Brooks SP, Grenfell BT. Topographic determinants of foot and mouth disease transmission in the UK 2001 epidemic. BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 16;2:3. Scott GR. Pigs and Rift Valley fever. Nature. 1963 Nov 30;200:919-20. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) [Internet]. Date [cited 2009 Mar 22]. Available from: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/. SigmaPlot 11.0. San Jose, CA: Systat Software, Inc.;2008. Sithiprasasna R, Linthicum KJ, Liu GJ, Jones JW, Singhasivanon P. Use of GIS-based spatial modeling approach to characterize the spatial patterns of malaria mosquito vector breeding habitats in northwestern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003 Sep;34(3):517-28. Erratum in: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005a May;36(3):801-2. Sithiprasasna R, Lee WJ, Ugsang DM, Linthicum KJ. Identification and characterization of larval and adult anopheline mosquito habitats in the Republic of Korea: potential use of remotely sensed data to estimate mosquito distributions. Int J Health Geogr 2005b Jul 13;4:17. Smolinski MS, Hamburg MA, Lederberg J, Editors. Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century, Board on Global Health, National Academies Press, Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. 2003. Sobero´n J, Peterson AT. Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’ distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics. 2005;2:1–10. Swanepoel R, Blackburn NK, Efstratiou S, Condy JB. Studies on Rift Valley fever in some African murids (Rodentia: Muridae). J Hyg (Lond). 1978 Apr;80(2):183-96. Tarpley JD, Schneider SR, Money RL. Global vegetation indices from the NOAA-7 meterological satellite. J Climate and Appl Climatol. 1984;23:491-494. 175
Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global traffic and disease vector dispersal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006a Apr 18;103(16):6242-7. Tatem AJ, Rogers DJ, Hay SI. Estimating the malaria risk of African mosquito movement by air travel. Malar J. 2006b Jul 14;5:57. Tatem AJ, Rogers DJ, Hay SI. Global transport networks and infectious disease spread. Adv Parasitol. 2006c;62:293-343. Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D, Diallo M, Ba Y, Zeller HG, Mondo M, Adam F, Thonon J, Maiga A. Arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the Barkedji area (Ferlo) of Senegal, a possible natural focus of Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol. 2001 Jul;38(4):480-92. Tucker CJ. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Rem Sensing of Env. 1979;8:127-150. Tucker CJ, Vanpraet CL, Sharman MJ, van Ittersum G. Satellite Remote Sensing of Total Herbaceous Biomass Production in the Senegalese Sahel: 1980–1984. Rem Sensing of Env. 1985;17(3):233–49. Turell MJ, Rossi CA, Bailey CL. Effect of extrinsic incubation temperature on the ability of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985 Nov;34(6):1211-8. Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Transmission studies in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with disseminated Rift Valley fever virus infections. J Med Entomol. 1987 Jan;24(1):11-8. Turell MJ. Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors. In: Monath, TP, editor. Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.1988;127-152. Turell MJ, Bailey CL, Beaman JR. Vector competence of a Houston, Texas strain of Aedes albopictus for Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1988 Mar;4(1):94-6. Turell MJ. Effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of Aedes fowleri for Rift Valley fever virus. Res Virol. 1989 Mar-Apr;140(2):147-54. Turell MJ, Perkins PV. Transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by the sandfly, Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Feb;42(2):185-8. Turell MJ, Linthicum KJ, Beaman JR. Transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by adult mosquitoes after ingestion of virus as larvae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Dec;43(6):677- 80. 176
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
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1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
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(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
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(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
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have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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flooding of grassland depressions c
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and created mosquito breeding habit
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may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
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virus during inter-epizootic period
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grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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animals during RVF outbreaks or col
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sufficient and continued contact be
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Environmental factors are directly
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animals could arrive in an uninfect
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GIS technology and RS data has been
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NDVI is calculated as a normalized
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In September 2006, the RVF forecast
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In the U.S. RVF is not present and
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changes in mosquito populations in
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hosts that are widely dispersed thr
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mountain range of the Appalachian M
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The land area of Hampton Roads incl
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52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
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Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
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Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
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Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
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Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
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Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
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Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
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Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
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3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
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normalize differences among surveil
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for three regions of Virginia - Nor
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Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
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of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
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When test data are available, MaxEn
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Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
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CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
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1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
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Bioecology of Species Selected for
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ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
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90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
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The majority of mosquitoes were col
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Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
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4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
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102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
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Regional graphical analyses In Figu
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Population Density (mean daily trap
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Competent vector species were plott
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Predictor correlation analyses Whil
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temperature of the coldest month (b
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data. Mosquito populations tend to
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120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
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122 was 0.003. At this threshold, t
Page 139 and 140: 124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142: 126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144: 128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148: heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150: 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152: study; predicted suitable habitat w
Page 153 and 154: state. The high risk in this region
Page 155 and 156: The results of this study indicate
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Page 159 and 160: individually and over smaller time
Page 161 and 162: 146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
Page 163 and 164: 148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
Page 165 and 166: 150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
Page 167 and 168: 152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
Page 169 and 170: 154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
Page 171 and 172: Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
Page 173 and 174: Larva - immature form of certain or
Page 175 and 176: Vector competence - the vector comp
Page 177 and 178: REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
Page 179 and 180: Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
Page 181 and 182: Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
Page 183 and 184: Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
Page 185 and 186: Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
Page 187 and 188: NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
Page 189: Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
Page 193 and 194: WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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