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Mosquitoes (mean daily trap count/month) Mosquito (mean daily trap count/month) Mosquitoes (mean daily trap count/month) 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 Northern Virginia January February March April May June Richmond-Petersburg January February March April May June Hampton Roads January February March April May June Month Month Month July August September October November December July August September October November 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Temperature (°F) Monthly Mean Mosquito Count Monthly Mean Max Temp Monthly Mean Min Temp Monthly Mean PPT Monthly Mean NDVI December 15 10 -5 -10 -15 Temperature (°F) Monthly Mean Mosquito Count Monthly Mean Max Temp Monthly Mean Min Temp Monthly Mean PPT Monthly Mean NDVI July August September October November December 5 0 15 10 -5 -10 -15 Temperature (°F) Monthly Mean Mosquito Count Monthly Mean Max Temp Monthly Mean Min Temp Monthly Mean PPT Monthly Mean NDVI 5 0 Figure 4.7. Difference in 2005 and 2006 monthly mean mosquito counts in the Northern Virginia, Richmond-Petersburg, and Hampton Roads regions. The difference in 2005 and 2006 monthly mean mosquito counts is represented by the vertical bars. The difference in 2005 and 2006 mean maximum and minimum temperature (red), monthly mean precipitation (blue), and monthly mean NDVI (green) are also shown. 109 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 250 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 NDVI (NDVI units) NDVI (NDVI units) NDVI (NDVI units) B C A
Competent vector species were plotted with precipitation (Figure 4.8-Figure 4.10) to visualize seasonal temporal trends of each species and to evaluate whether precipitation in each region affects competent vector species populations differently. In 2006, Cx. restuans populations were greatest in early-mid spring in all three regions, while Cx. pipiens populations generally peaked in mid-summer. Ae. vexans and Ae. albopictus populations peaked late in the summer. In the Richmond-Petersburg and Hampton Roads regions, precipitation in 2006 was greatest in August through October. During these months, Cx. pipiens populations were lower when precipitation was higher, while Ae. vexans and Ae. canadensis populations increased with increasing precipitation. 110
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
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1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
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(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
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(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
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have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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flooding of grassland depressions c
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and created mosquito breeding habit
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may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
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virus during inter-epizootic period
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grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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animals during RVF outbreaks or col
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sufficient and continued contact be
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Environmental factors are directly
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animals could arrive in an uninfect
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GIS technology and RS data has been
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NDVI is calculated as a normalized
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In September 2006, the RVF forecast
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In the U.S. RVF is not present and
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changes in mosquito populations in
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hosts that are widely dispersed thr
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mountain range of the Appalachian M
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The land area of Hampton Roads incl
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52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
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Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
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Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
Page 75 and 76: Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
Page 85 and 86: normalize differences among surveil
Page 87 and 88: for three regions of Virginia - Nor
Page 89 and 90: Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
Page 91 and 92: of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
Page 93 and 94: When test data are available, MaxEn
Page 95 and 96: Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
Page 99 and 100: 1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
Page 101 and 102: Bioecology of Species Selected for
Page 103 and 104: ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
Page 105 and 106: 90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
Page 107 and 108: The majority of mosquitoes were col
Page 109 and 110: Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
Page 115 and 116: 4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
Page 117 and 118: 102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
Page 119 and 120: Regional graphical analyses In Figu
Page 121 and 122: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 123: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 127 and 128: Population Density (mean daily trap
Page 129 and 130: Predictor correlation analyses Whil
Page 131 and 132: temperature of the coldest month (b
Page 133 and 134: data. Mosquito populations tend to
Page 135 and 136: 120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
Page 137 and 138: 122 was 0.003. At this threshold, t
Page 139 and 140: 124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142: 126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144: 128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148: heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150: 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152: study; predicted suitable habitat w
Page 153 and 154: state. The high risk in this region
Page 155 and 156: The results of this study indicate
Page 157 and 158: It is recommended that species dive
Page 159 and 160: individually and over smaller time
Page 161 and 162: 146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
Page 163 and 164: 148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
Page 165 and 166: 150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
Page 167 and 168: 152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
Page 169 and 170: 154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
Page 171 and 172: Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
Page 173 and 174: Larva - immature form of certain or
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Vector competence - the vector comp
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REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
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Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T
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Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
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Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
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NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
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Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
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Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
Page 193 and 194:
WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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