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Balkhy HH, Memish ZA. Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Feb;21(2):153-7. Bailey CL. Vector Biology Lecture. George Mason University, Prince William Campus, Virginia, USA. 2005 Feb 15. Beck LR, Rodríguez MH, Dister SW, Rodríguez AD, Rejmankova E, Ulloa A, Meza RA, Roberts DR, Paris JF, Spanner MA, Washino RK, Hacker C, Legters LJ. Remote sensing as a landscape epidemiological tool to identify villages at high risk for malaria transmission. Am. J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;51(3):271-280. Beck, LR, Rodríguez MH, Dister SW, Rodríguez AD, Washino RK, Roberts DR, Spanner MA. Assessment of a remote sensing based model for predicting malaria transmission risk in villages of Chiapas, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56(1):99-106. Bicout DJ, Sabatier P. Mapping Rift Valley Fever vectors and prevalence using rainfall variations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004 Spring;4(1):33-42. Bingham E. The Physiographic Provinces of Virginia. The Virginia Geographer. 1991;23(2):19- 32. Bird BH, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. Complete genome analysis of 33 ecologically and biologically diverse Rift Valley fever virus strains reveals widespread virus movement and low genetic diversity due to recent common ancestry. J Virol. 2007 Mar;81(6):2805-16. Boston University Department of Geography Land Cover and Land Cover Dynamics [Internet]. [cited 2009 Mar 22]. Available from: http://www-modis.bu.edu/landcover/ Britch SC, Linthicum KJ; Rift Valley Fever Working Group. Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2007 Aug [cited 2007 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/8/e1.htm. Britch SC, Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Pak EW; Mosquito Surveillance Team. Longterm surveillance data and patterns of invasion by Aedes albopictus in Florida. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008 Mar;24(1):115-20. Brooker S, Hay SI, Issae W, Hall A, Kihamia CM, Lwambo NJ, Wint W, Rogers DJ, Bundy DA. Predicting the distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania using satellite sensor data. Trop Med Int Health. 2001 Dec;6(12):998-1007. Brooker S, Beasley M, Ndinaromtan M, Madjiouroum EM, Baboguel M, Djenguinabe E, Hay SI, Bundy DA. Use of remote sensing and a geographical information system in a national helminth control programme in Chad. Bull World Health Org. 2002;80(10):783-9. 163
Brown H, Duik-Wasser M, Andreadis T, Fish D. Remotely-sensed vegetation indices identify mosquito clusters of west nile virus vectors in an urban landscape in the northeastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008 Summer;8(2):197-206. Brownstein JS, Rosen H, Purdy D, Miller JR, Merlino M, Mostashari F, Fish D. Spatial analysis of West Nile virus: rapid risk assessment of an introduced vector-borne zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2002 Fall;2(3):157-64. Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. A climate-based model predicts the spatial distribution of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in the United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Jul;111(9):1152-7. Brubaker JF, Turell MJ. Effect of environmental temperature on the susceptibility of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol. 1998 Nov;35(6):918-21. CDC West Nile Virus Statistics, Surveillance and Control [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [homepage on the Internet]. 2004a Aug [cited 2006 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm. CDC Rift Valley Fever Fact Sheet [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [homepage on the Internet]. 2004b Aug [cited 2006 Apr 24]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Rift_Valley_Fever_ Fact_Sheet.pdf. CDC Rift Valley fever outbreak--Kenya, November 2006-January 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Feb 2;56(4):73-6. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5604a3.htm. CDC Select Agent Program [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [homepage on the Internet]. 2008 Apr [cited 2008]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/od/sap/. Chevalier V, de la Rocque S, Baldet T, Vial L, Roger F. Epidemiological processes involved in the emergence of vector-borne diseases: West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Rev Sci Tech. 2004a Aug;23(2):535-55. Chevalier V, Mondet B, Diaite A, Lancelot R, Fall AG, Ponçon N. Exposure of sheep to mosquito bites: possible consequences for the transmission risk of Rift Valley Fever in Senegal. Med Vet Entomol. 2004b Sep;18(3):247-55. Clements AC, Pfeiffer DU, Martin V. Application of knowledge-driven spatial modelling approaches and uncertainty management to a study of Rift Valley fever in Africa. Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 10;5:57. 164
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Using Remote Sensing, Ecological Ni
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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Lastly, I would like to thank all o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ................
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Kn
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AUC - Area Under the Curve LIST OF
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ABSTRACT USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOL
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Keywords Rift Valley fever, risk as
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systematically inventory and monito
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populations), human demographics an
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The geographic distribution of pote
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human and animal health, economic l
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1.8 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION Th
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(e.g., ether, chloroform), detergen
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(Imam et al. 1979, Davies and Marti
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have demonstrated that wild ruminan
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flooding of grassland depressions c
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and created mosquito breeding habit
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may transmit the RVF virus mechanic
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virus during inter-epizootic period
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grown by nearly 9% per year (Tatem
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animals during RVF outbreaks or col
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sufficient and continued contact be
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Environmental factors are directly
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animals could arrive in an uninfect
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GIS technology and RS data has been
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NDVI is calculated as a normalized
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In September 2006, the RVF forecast
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In the U.S. RVF is not present and
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changes in mosquito populations in
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hosts that are widely dispersed thr
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mountain range of the Appalachian M
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The land area of Hampton Roads incl
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52 Table 3.1. Primary data sets and
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Table 3.2. Sources of Virginia mosq
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Figure 3.3. Cattle Density in Virgi
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Figure 3.6. 2006 Deer Abundance Est
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Land-Cover Global land-cover data a
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Figure 3.8. Virginia Land-cover Nor
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Figure 3.9. June 2006 Normalized Di
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Table 3.4. Worldclim interpolated c
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3.2.5 DATA PROCESSING All data sets
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normalize differences among surveil
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for three regions of Virginia - Nor
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Correlation analyses The Pearson‟
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of maximum entropy (i.e., that is m
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When test data are available, MaxEn
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Algebra tool in the ArcGIS Spatial
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CHAPTER 4. RESULTS 4.1 POTENTIAL RV
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1. If a native U.S. vector can tran
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Bioecology of Species Selected for
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ditches, animal waste lagoons, and
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90 Mosquito Species Typical Habitat
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The majority of mosquitoes were col
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Table 4.5. Virginia competent vecto
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4.3 MOSQUITO DENSITY CORRELATIONS W
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102 Table 4.8. Mean and range of ea
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Regional graphical analyses In Figu
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Population Density (mean daily trap
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Population Density (mean daily trap
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Competent vector species were plott
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Page 129 and 130: Predictor correlation analyses Whil
Page 131 and 132: temperature of the coldest month (b
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Page 135 and 136: 120 Predictor Variable Northern Vir
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Page 139 and 140: 124 The Jackknife test of variable
Page 141 and 142: 126 4.5 RISK OF RVF ESTABLISHMENT A
Page 143 and 144: 128 The weighted suitability modeli
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 ENVIRONME
Page 147 and 148: heavily on rainfall as do the predo
Page 149 and 150: 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATIC VARIABLE
Page 151 and 152: study; predicted suitable habitat w
Page 153 and 154: state. The high risk in this region
Page 155 and 156: The results of this study indicate
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Page 161 and 162: 146 APPENDIX A: RVF COMPETENT VECTO
Page 163 and 164: 148 Figure A.3. Ae. sollicitans dis
Page 165 and 166: 150 Figure A.5. Ae. triseriatus dis
Page 167 and 168: 152 Figure A.7. Cx. pipiens distrib
Page 169 and 170: 154 Figure A.9. Cx. salinarius dist
Page 171 and 172: Desiccation - drying. Diapause - ph
Page 173 and 174: Larva - immature form of certain or
Page 175 and 176: Vector competence - the vector comp
Page 177: REFERENCES Ackerman GA, Giroux J. A
Page 181 and 182: Diallo M, Nabeth P, Ba K, Sall AA,
Page 183 and 184: Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shield
Page 185 and 186: Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitv
Page 187 and 188: NASA Earth Observatory (EO) Measuri
Page 189 and 190: Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Schapire RE.
Page 191 and 192: Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ. Global
Page 193 and 194: WHO Disease Outbreak News [Internet
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