Untitled

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Table 3 Intervention studies of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and body weight
Reference/country Participants a
(Tordoff and Alleva,
1990) US
(DiMeglio and
Mattes, 2000) US
(Raben et al., 2002)
Denmark
(James et al., 2004)
UK
(Ebbeling et al.,
2006) US
n ¼ 30. 9 F: age
28.772.7, BMI
25.471.4; 21 M:
age 22.970.8, BMI
25.170.5; 11 others
dropped out and
were not included
in the analysis
n ¼ 15 M/F: age
22.872.7, BMI
21.972.2. All
participants included
in the analysis
n ¼ 41 overweight
M/F. Sucrose group:
n ¼ 21, age
33.372.0, BMI
28.070.5. Sweetener
group: n ¼ 20, age
37.172.2, BMI 27.6.
One drop-out was
not included in the
analysis
n ¼ 644 M/F, children
age 7–11 year from
six schools. 20% were
overweight or obese
n ¼ 103 M/F, age
13–18 year. No loss
to follow-up
Trial design b
Cross-over,
participants were
blinded
Cross-over 2 4 week and
4-week washout
Randomized parallel;
participants were
blinded
Cluster randomized
(29 clusters ¼ classes)
Randomized, parallel,
allocation
concealment
Duration Intervention Control Compliance Results
3 3 weeks 1135 g per day
of supplied
HFCS-sweetened
soft drinks
1880 kJ per day of
sugar-sweetened soft
drinks (‘liquid’)
10 week Sucrose supplements
(B70% as drinks)
1 year Educational nutrition
program mainly
discouraging
carbonated beverage
use
25 weeks Home delivery of
non-caloric
beverages (four
servings per day)
and instructions
Two control
interventions: 1135 g
per day aspartamesweetened
drinks or
no specific
instructions
1880 kJ per day of
jelly beans (‘solid’)
Artificial sweetener
supplements
None Drink diaries
completed by 36%:
0.7 glass per day
reduction of mainly
diet carbonated
beverages
Instruction to
continue usual
beverage
consumption
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (kg/m 2 ); F, female; HFCS, high fructose corn syrup; M, male.
a Values are means7s.d.
b None of the trials reported on blinding of the assessors of outcomes, except for Ebbeling and co-workers allocation concealment was not reported.
Diet records HFCS drinks vs no
instructions:
F þ 0.97 kg,
M þ 0.72 kg. HFCS
drinks vs aspartame
drinks: F þ 0.72 kg,
M þ 0.99 kg
(P overall o0.01 for
both F and M)
Diet records Po0.05 for weight
change during liquid
period ( þ 0.5 kg),
but not significantly
different from change
in the solid period
( þ 0.3 kg)
Diet records 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–3.8,
Po0.001) kg increase
in weight and 1.6
(95% CI 0.4–2.8,
Po0.01) increase in
fat mass for the
sucrose as compared
with the artificial
sweetener group
24-h recalls: 82%
reduction of sugarsweetened
beverages
in intervention group
No substantial
decrease in mean
BMI (0.1 kg/m 2 , 95%
CI 0.1–0.3), but a
7.7% (95% CI
2.2–13.1) decrease
in prevalence of
overweight/obesity
as compared with
control
BMI: 0.14 (SE 0.21,
P40.05) for the total
group and 0.75
(SE 0.34, P ¼ 0.03)
for the upper
baseline-BMI tertile
as compared with
the control group
S87
Carbohydrate intake and obesity
RM van Dam and JC Seidell