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company working on dietary carbohydrates and health. The UK Food Standards Agency is the main research partner and sponsor. In addition, Englyst Carbohydrates provide analytical assistance to universities and food industry worldwide, albeit on a small scale. The complete independence of Englyst Carbohydrates is maintained by not entering into any consultancy agreement. Professor Simin Liu: Member of the Scientific advisory board for the EU Health Grain Project. Dr Hans Englyst: Director and share-holder in Englyst Carbohydrates Ltd which is a small research-oriented company working on dietary carbohydrates and health. The UK Food Standards Agency is the main research partner and sponsor. In addition, Englyst Carbohydrates provide analytical assistance to universities and food industry worldwide, albeit on a small scale. The complete independence of Englyst Carbohydrates is maintained by not entering into any consultancy agreement. Peer-reviewers Professor Nils-Georg Asp: On part-time leave from university professorship to be the Director of the Swedish Nutrition Foundation (SNF), a nongovernmental organization for the promotion of nutrition research and its practical implications. SNF is supported broadly by the food sector; the member organizations and industries are listed on the SNF home page (www.snf.ideon.se). Professor John H Cummings: Chairman, Biotherapeutics Committee, Danone; Member, Working Group on Foods with Health Benefits, Danone; funding for research work at the University of Dundee, ORAFTI (2004). Professor Timothy Key: None declared. Professor Jim Mann: None declared. Professor HH Vorster: Member and Director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary health Research (AUTHeR), Research grant from the South African Sugar Association Dr Roger Wood: None declared. References Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Hawthorne KM, Liang L, Gunn SK, Darlington G et al. (2005). A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 82, 471–476. Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Roe DJ, Guillen-Rodriguez JM, Marshall JR, van Leeuwen JB et al. (2000). Lack of effect of a high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 342, 1156–1162. American Association of Cereal Chemists (2001). The definition of dietary fiber. Cereal Foods World 46, 112–126. AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis 18th Ed W Horwitz. AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK (2003). Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 163, 1897–1904. Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates K Englyst et al Bazzano LA, Serdula M, Liu S (2005). Prevention of type 2 diabetes by diet and lifestyle modification. J Am Coll Nutr 24, 310–319. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T et al. (2003). Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 361, 1496–1501. Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U, Faivre J (2000). Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group. Lancet 356, 1300–1306. Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, Colagiuri S (2003). Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 26, 2466–2468. Burkitt DP (1969). Related disease—related cause? Lancet ii, 1229–1231. Burn J, Katheuser A, Fodde R, Coaker J, Chapman PD, Mathers JC (1996). Intestinal tumours in the Apc 1638N mouse: aspirin not protective and resistant starch increases small bowel tumours. Eur J Hum Genet 4 (Suppl 1), 13. Champ MM, Langkilde A-M, Brouns F, Kettlitz B, Bail-Collet YL (2003). Advances in dietary fibre characterization. 2. Consumption, chemistry, physiology and measurement of resistant starch; implications for health and food labelling. Nutr Res Rev 16, 143–161. Daly M (2003). Sugars, insulin sensitivity, and the postprandial state. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 865S–872S. Department of Health (1991). Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social 41. London. Elia M, Cummings JH (2007). Physiological aspects of energy metabolism and gastrointestinal effects of carbohydrates. Eur J Clin Nutr. Ellis PR, Rayment P, Wang Q (1996). A physico-chemical perspective of plant polysaccharides in relation to glucose absorption, insulin secretion and the entero-insular axis. Proc Nutr Soc 55, 881–898. Englyst HN, Cummings JH (1985). Digestion of the polysaccharides of some cereal foods in the human small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 42, 778–787. Englyst HN, Cummings JH (1986). Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 44, 42–50. Englyst HN, Cummings JH (1987). Digestion of the polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man. Am J Clin Nutr 45, 423–431. Englyst HN, Hudson GJ (1996). The classification and measurement of dietary carbohydrates. Food Chem 57, 15–21. Englyst HN, Kingman SM, Cummings JH (1992). Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr 46, S33–S50. Englyst HN, Quigley ME, Hudson GJ (1994). Determination of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides with gas–liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars. Analyst 119, 1497–1509. Englyst HN, Quigley ME, Englyst KN, Bravo L, Hudson GJ (1996). Dietary fibre. Measurement by the Englyst NSP procedure. Measurement by the AOAC procedure. Explanation of the differences. J Assoc Pub Anal 32, 1–52. Englyst HN, Wiggins HS, Cummings JH (1982). Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas–liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 107, 307–318. Englyst KN, Englyst HN (2005). Carbohydrate bioavailability. Brit J Nutr 94, 1–11. Englyst KN, Englyst HN, Hudson GJ, Cole TJ, Cummings JH (1999). Rapidly available glucose in foods. An in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 448–454. Englyst KN, Vinoy S, Englyst HN, Lang V (2003). Glycaemic index of cereal products explained by their content of rapidly and slowly available glucose. Br J Nutr 89, 329–339. S37 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
S38 Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates K Englyst et al FAO (2003). Food energy—methods of analysis and conversion factors. Report of a technical workshop. Rome 2002. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77. FDA (2000). Docket No. 91N-0098. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for fiber with respect to colorectal cancer (US food and drug administration center for food safety and applied nutrition office of nutritional products, labeling, and dietary supplements October 10, 2000). Fried SK, Rao SP (2003). Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 873S–880S. FSA (2006). Rationale and discussion of the 15 g high sugars criterion within the FSA signposting scheme. http://www.food.gov.uk/ foodlabelling/signposting/ signposttimeline/rationalesugars/. Goodlad RA (2007). Fiber can make your gut grow. Nutrition 23, 434–435. Gostner A, Blaut M, Schäffer V, Kozianowski G, Theis S, Klingeberg M et al. (2006). Effect of isomalt consumption on faecal microflora and colonic metabolism in healthy volunteers. Brit J Nutr 95,40–50. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S (2004). Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 774–779. Gudmand-Hoyer E (1994). The clinical significance of disaccharide maldigestion. Am J Clin Nutr 59, 735S–741S. Institute of Medicine (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber. The National Acadamies Press: Washington. Institute of Medicine (2002). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (macronutrients). The National Academies Press: Washington. Jacobs DR, Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Folsom AR (1998). Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 248–257. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A et al. (2002). Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 76, S266–S273. Liu S (2002). Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr 21, 298–306. Liu S, Lee IM, Ajani U, Cole SR, Buring JE, Manson JE (2001). Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the physicians’ health study. Int J Epidemiol 30, 130–135. Liu S, Manson J, Lee I, Cole S, Willett W, Buring J (2000b). Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the women’s health study. Am J Clin Nutr 72, 922–928. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA et al. (2000a). A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women. Am J Public Health 90, 1409–1415. Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Rosner B, Colditz GA (2003). Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. J Am Coll Nutr 78, 920–927. Liu SM, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Manson JE et al. (1999). Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 412–419. Livesey G (2003). Health potential of polyols as sugar replacers, with emphasis on low glycaemic properties. Nutr Res Rev 16, 163–191. Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH (2006). Prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24, 701–714. McCance RA, Lawrence RD (1929). The Carbohydrate Content of Foods. MRC Special Report. HMSO: London. McCleary BV, Murphy A, Mugford DC (2000). Measurement of total fructan in foods by enzymatic/spectrophotometric method: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 83, 356–364. Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Bergkvist L, Berrino F, van den Brandt PA et al. (2005). Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA 294, 2849–2857. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Pehrsson PR, Cutrufelli RL, Gebhardt SE, Lemar LE, Holcomb GT, Haytowitz DB et al. (2005). USDA database for the added sugars content of selected foods. www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Pendlington AW, Meuree-Vanlaethem N, Brookes A (1996). The Method Specific Certification of the Mass Fraction of Dietary Fibre in Lyophilised Haricot Beans, Carrot, Apple, Full Fat Soya Flour and Bran Breakfast Cereal Reference Materials. CRMs 514, 515, 516, 517 & 518. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. Pietinen P, Rimm EB, Korhonen P, Hartman AM, Willett WC, Albanes D et al. (1996). Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Circulation 94, 2720–2727. Quigley ME, Hudson GJ, Englyst HN (1999). Determination of resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides) using gas-liquid chromatography. Food Chem 65, 381–390. Rabe E (1999). Effect of processing on dietary fiber in foods. In: Cho SS, Prosky L, Dreher, M (eds). Complex carbohydrates in foods. Marcel Dekker, Ink: NewYork, Basel. pp 395–409. Ranhotra GS, Gelroth JA, Eisenbraun GJ (1991). High-fiber white flour and its use in cookie products. Cereal Chem 68, 432–433. Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (1996). Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 275, 447–451. Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK, Venho B, Vanharanta M, Mursu J et al. (2003). Low intake of fruits and berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men; the Kupio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Am Soc Nutr Sci 133, 199–204. Roberfroid MB (2005). Introducing inulin-type fructans. Br J Nutr 93 (Suppl 1), S13–S25. Rumessen JJ (1992). Hydrogen and methane tests for evaluation of resistant carbohydrates. Eur J Clin Nutr 46 (Suppl 2), S77–S90. Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR (2006). Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21, 209–218. Silvester KR, Englyst HN, Cummings JH (1995). Ileal recovery of starch from whole diets containing resistant starch measured in vitro and fermentation of ileal effluent. Am J Clin Nutr 62, 403–411. Slavin J (2003). Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Proc Nutr Soc 62, 129–134. Southgate DAT (1969). Determination of carbohydrates in foods. II. Unavailable carbohydrates. J Sci Food Agric 20, 331–335. Southgate DAT, Englyst HN (1985). Dietary fibre: chemisty, physical properties and analysis. In: Trowell H, Burkitt D, Heaton K (eds). Dietary fibre, fibre depleated foods and disease. Academic Press: London. Steffen LM, Jacobs DR, Stevens J (2003). Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 383–390. Theander O, Westerlund E (1993). Determination of individual components of dietary fiber. In: Spiller GA (ed). CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition. pp 77–98. CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL. Trowell H (1972). Crude fibre, dietary fibre and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 16, 138–140. Trowell H, Burkitt D, Heaton K (1985). Editors of Dietary Fibre, Fibredepleted Foods and Disease. Academic Press: London. Tuohy KM, Hinton DJ, Davies SJ, Crabbe MJ, Gibson GR, Ames JM (2006). Metabolism of Maillard reaction products by the human gut microbiota—implications for health. Mol Nutr Food Res 50, 847–857. USDA/DHHS (2005). Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. DHHS: Washington, DC. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB (2002). Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in US men. Annals of Internal Medicine 136, 201–209.
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Comision Federal de la mejora regul
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Subject: MEXICO - Comments on PROY
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Item of PROY‐ NOM‐051 A.3.1 & A
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Annex 1.1: Ziesenitz, S.C.; 1996;
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Page 30 and 31: S1 S5 S19 S40 S75 S100 S112 S122 S1
Page 32 and 33: FAO/WHO Scientific Update on carboh
Page 34 and 35: cardiovascular diseases and cancer)
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW Carbohydrate terminology and
Page 38 and 39: Table 2 Energy and macronutrient in
Page 40 and 41: are inulin and fructo oligosacchari
Page 42 and 43: Table 3 Principal physiological pro
Page 44 and 45: National Academy of Sciences in 200
Page 46 and 47: product contained X25% whole grain
Page 48 and 49: Henderson L, Gregory J, Swan G (200
Page 50 and 51: REVIEW Nutritional characterization
Page 52 and 53: Table 1 Nutritional characterizatio
Page 54 and 55: Table 2 Principles of carbohydrate
Page 56 and 57: Table 4 NSP in a selection of foods
Page 58 and 59: asked to consider both the ‘plant
Page 60 and 61: Table 5 Continued Plant-rich diet a
Page 62 and 63: account for any supplemented materi
Page 64 and 65: eaction vessels, with successive tr
Page 66 and 67: similar to the situation with sugar
Page 70 and 71: van Dam RM, Seidell JC (2007). Carb
Page 72 and 73: 2003). In establishing the energy v
Page 74 and 75: combustible energy of the fermentab
Page 76 and 77: glucose, starch, NSP) there is also
Page 78 and 79: generated through bioenergetic inef
Page 80 and 81: Table 4 cE, ME and NME, and content
Page 82 and 83: ME (Atwater general system) (Merill
Page 84 and 85: (o0.8 kg in the adult), increase af
Page 86 and 87: B1.4 MJ from protein in men, did no
Page 88 and 89: food and body weight, height or BMI
Page 90 and 91: esults may relate not only to the d
Page 92 and 93: ecologist, who is pre-occupied with
Page 94 and 95: Table 5 Effect of NSP (dietary fibr
Page 96 and 97: As already described, almost any ca
Page 98 and 99: in adolescents. Possible mechanisms
Page 100 and 101: unit, such as a grant or fellowship
Page 102 and 103: Conference on Medical Research. Ros
Page 104 and 105: Prentice AM, Poppitt SD (1996). Imp
Page 106 and 107: REVIEW Carbohydrate intake and obes
Page 108 and 109: Total carbohydrate intake Introduct
Page 110 and 111: composition of the diet did not sub
Page 112 and 113: European Journal of Clinical Nutrit
Page 114 and 115: postmenopausal US women (Howard et
Page 116 and 117: weight loss was greater after 6 mon
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European Journal of Clinical Nutrit
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its carbohydrate content, whereas a
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Table 4 Continued Duration Interven
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Despite a substantially lower GL fo
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increased physical activity has bee
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with normal glucose tolerance: the
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Westerterp KR, Verboeket-van de Ven
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especially the NSP, complicates com
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1.21, 1.35, 1.40 and 1.64. The patt
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esidual confounding provide the jus
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carbohydrate have generated broadly
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There is no good evidence of benefi
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Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs Jr DR, S
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from prospective studies which have
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Table 3 Prospective studies of diet
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of sucrose-containing foods, such a
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Acrylamide Acrylamide is a chemical
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Nicodemus KK, Jacobs Jr DR, Folsom
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carbohydrate and fat may have a low
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Foods having very different nutrien
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esearch activities and food selecti
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highest satiety score was boiled po
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patients: a new basis for carbohydr
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and lipid levels, to a greater exte
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insufficient for the use of glycaem
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Dr Hans Englyst: Director and share
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Annex 1.4: US‐FDA GRAS Notificati
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FDA/CFSAN/OFAS: Agency Response Let
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Annex 1.5: US Health Claims Regulat
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jlentini on PROD1PC65 with RULES 30
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Annex 1.6: “PalatinoseTM (isomalt
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Isomaltulose is tooth friendly, unl
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CONFIDENTIAL Regulatory Affairs & N
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CONFIDENTIAL General or usual name:
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CONFIDENTIAL Plasma glucose change
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CONFIDENTIAL Rise in blood glucose
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CONFIDENTIAL References Regulatory
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Annex 1.8: Report from Imfeld (Univ
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Annex 2.2: Roberfroid, M.B., 1999;
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Annex 3.2: “Letter of no objectio
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1 Nutrition and Health Claims (CAC/
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Annex 3.2: “Letter of no objectio
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