Healthcare Waste Report - Environment Health

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MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE WASTE Hospital wastes in Singapore are classified into infectious waste, pathological waste, contaminated sharps, routine clinical waste, cytotoxic waste, radioactive waste, pharmaceutical waste, chemical waste and general waste. Figure below presents the classification of healthcare waste. Classification of Healthcare Waste Contaminated Sharps Infectious Waste Chemical Waste Biohazard Waste Other Contaminated Waste Radioactive Waste Pathological Waste Infectious waste arises from patients with infectious diseases such as AIDS, Ebola- Marburg virus disease and Lassa fever and also includes cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work. Infectious waste, pathological waste, contaminated sharps and other contaminated waste from treatment areas are considered as biohazardous wastes necessitating special handling and disposal. Infectious waste, in addition, needs pretreatment before disposal as biohazardous waste. Pathogenic waste from hospitals is classified under toxic industrial waste. The total amount of pathogenic wastes generated in 2006 is approximately 1.4 million litres. Radioactive waste includes those contaminated with radionuclide from nuclear medicine, radio-immunoassay and bacteriological procedures. General Waste Special Waste General Waste Pharmaceutical Waste Cytotoxic Waste 81 HEALTHCARE WASTE IN ASIA: INTUITIONS & INSIGHTS
Pharmaceutical wastes are further classified into general pharmaceutical waste such as vitamin tablets, paracetamol tablets, creams and ointments etc, and special pharmaceutical waste such as antibiotics, vaccines, other immunological products, and controlled drugs such as cocaine. Only special pharmaceutical waste needs special disposal by incineration. General pharmaceutical waste can be disposed of as general refuse. Chemical wastes include discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals from diagnostic and experimental work and cleaning, housekeeping disinfecting and engineering services such as used lubricating oil, spent photographic developing solutions and spent solvents. These wastes are classified under toxic industrial waste and are to be segregated for special disposal by licensed toxic waste contractors. General wastes include office waste, food waste, packing materials, wastewater from laundries and floor washing and other substances that do not pose any significant contamination risk in handling. General wastes are disposed as general household waste by contractors at public waste disposal facilities such as refuse incineration plants and sanitary landfill. CHAPTER 3_COUNTRY ANALYSIS Collection, Storage and Transportation Containers for collecting Sharp Waste Biohazardous wastes are segregated and collected in small color-coded disposal bags at the point of generation in the hospital. These bags are then transferred to larger color-coded disposal bags placed at the initial storage area of the utility / disposal rooms of the wards. These large disposal bags are to be clearly marked with the hospital name and the internationally recognized symbol for biohazard, radioactive and cytotoxic materials. The standard color code used for waste segregation is: yellow bags for biohazardous wastes purple for cytotoxic red for radioactive wastes black for general waste Used syringes with attached needles are collected in properly labeled puncture-proof plastic sharp container. When the container is full, it is securely closed and disposed in the large yellow bag provided at the utility / disposal room. The Figure above shows the containers used for collecting contaminated sharps. 82 SINGAPORE
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HEALTHCARE WASTE in asia INTUITIONS
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This is the second draft of the rep
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Markedly, this report a milestone p
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More importantly, no report, compre
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The Chapter on Global Experiences a
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EPBs European Polar Boards EPCA Env
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SEPA State Environment Protection A
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1INTRODUCTION
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REGIONAL FORUM ON ENVIRONMENT AND H
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THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON SOLID AND
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Commonly used HCW Symbols Caution S
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Points to Ponder for Safe Healthcar
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GENESIS OF THE REPORT This section
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Representative Departments to the 1
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3COUNTRY ANALYSIS
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CAMBODIA 1 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE
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Treatment and Disposal Pit for disp
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POLICIES AND LEGISLATION With the o
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CHINA 2 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE WA
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In China, packaging bags and contai
Page 45 and 46: Institutional Setup Governing Healt
Page 47 and 48: Policies and Regulations Governing
Page 49 and 50: INDONESIA 3 Classification of Healt
Page 51 and 52: POLICIES AND LEGISLATION The missio
Page 53 and 54: JAPAN 4 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE WA
Page 55 and 56: Treatment and Disposal Hospitals an
Page 57 and 58: Local Government: Local governments
Page 59 and 60: POLICIES AND LEGISLATION The Waste
Page 61 and 62: LAOS 5 Composition of Healthcare Wa
Page 63 and 64: Healthcare Waste Management in Lao
Page 65 and 66: MALAYSIA 6 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE
Page 67 and 68: Treatment and Disposal All healthca
Page 69 and 70: Institutional Setup Governing Healt
Page 71 and 72: The Private Healthcare Facilities a
Page 73 and 74: MONGOLIA 7 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE
Page 75 and 76: Composition of Healthcare Waste in
Page 77 and 78: Treatment and Disposal Most healthc
Page 79 and 80: The Health Sector Master Plan Imple
Page 81 and 82: MYANMAR 8 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE
Page 83 and 84: INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS The Governme
Page 85 and 86: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL INITIATI
Page 87 and 88: PHILIPPINES 9 There were about 70 h
Page 89 and 90: Annual Profile of Hazardous and Hea
Page 91 and 92: INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS The Joint Ad
Page 93 and 94: POLICIES AND LEGISLATION RA 6969:
Page 95: SINGAPORE 10 Hospital Care: Singapo
Page 99 and 100: top and middle: Transportation of h
Page 101 and 102: POLICIES AND LEGISLATION The collec
Page 103 and 104: THAILAND 11 MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCAR
Page 105 and 106: INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS Institutions
Page 107 and 108: POLICIES AND LEGISLATION The princi
Page 109 and 110: VIETNAM 12 Healthcare Facilities in
Page 111 and 112: Composition of Healthcare Waste Gen
Page 113 and 114: Healthcare Waste and Methods of Tre
Page 115 and 116: Ministry of Science, Technology and
Page 117 and 118: Description Guidelines on healthcar
Page 119 and 120: Description/Project Information Dev
Page 122 and 123: INTRODUCTION Procedures and systems
Page 124 and 125: All waste generated in a healthcare
Page 126 and 127: Health Risks from Healthcare Waste
Page 128 and 129: Box below presents information on h
Page 130 and 131: Italy An Italian Hospital located i
Page 132 and 133: Bio Medical Waste (Management & Han
Page 134 and 135: IFC REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTHCARE PRO
Page 136 and 137: Transport to External Facilities Tr
Page 138 and 139: 5RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 140 and 141: Guidelines for appropriate healthca
Page 142 and 143: The proceeds from the sale of recyc
Page 144 and 145: ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS Managing the v
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Stakeholder Group Role in Healthcar
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Key Areas for Immediate Action BUDG
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REFERENCES Appleton, J. and Ali, M.
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SBC, (2003) Technical Guidelines on
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INTRODUCTION In the early 1990s, wh
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What are the other Steam Based Syst
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Low-Heat Technologies MICROWAVE SYS
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DRY HEATING What is a dry heating s
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PYROLYSIS-OXIDATION What is a pyrol
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IRRADIATION TECHNOLOGIES What is ir
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Korea Healthcare Waste in Asia: Int
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Healthcare Waste in Asia: Intuition
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Alarming increases in resource cons
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Healthcare Waste Report - Environment Health

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