Intelligent Transport Systems - Telenor

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116 11 Irving, J H et al. Fundamentals of Personal Rapid Transit. Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, D C Heath and Company, 1978. 12 Hobbs, V J et al. Development/Deployment Investigation of Cabintaxi/Cabinlift System. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Transportation, 1977. Report No. UMTA- MA-06-0067-77-02, NTIS Report No. PB277 184, 13 Herringer, F. 1974. Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, Part I, page 876. 14 Anderson, J E. Dependability as a Measure of On-Time Performance of Personal Rapid Transit Systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 26, 201–212, 1992. 15 Anderson, J E. Safe Design of Personal Rapid Transit Systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 28, 1–15, 1994. 16 Nishinaga, E I, Colson, C W. A Vehicle Collision Avoidance System Using Time Multiplexed Hexadecimal FSK. 33th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1983. IEEE Technical Paper. 17 Holusha, J. A Smart Road Starts to Take Shape in California. New York Times, September 1, 1996, p. 25A. 18 Anderson, J E. Synchronous or Clear-Path Control in Personal Rapid Transit Systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 30, 1–3, 1996. 19 Nishinaga, E. Digital FSK (Frequency Shift Keyed) Receiver Capable of Operating in High Impulse Noise Environments. 31th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1981. IEEE Technical Paper. 20 Lang, R P, Warren, D J. Microprocessor Based Speed and Position Measurement System. 33th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1983. IEEE Technical Paper. Telektronikk 1.2003
Nils Jacob Berland (41) received his PhD (Dr.Scient.) in Computer Science in 1993. In addition to his work for Telenor R&D in the area of security he has also worked with scenariobased planning and business development in other units of Telenor. In 1998 he started the consulting company Pantarei AS where he is still employed. He holds positions as part-time associate professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and at Molde University College. His professional interests are distributed systems and optimisation, and control systems for smart homes. njb@pantarei.no Telektronikk 1.2003 Designing PRT Control Systems by Internet Protocol Thinking – Comments on Ed Anderson’s Paper NILS JACOB BERLAND In his paper from 1998, reprinted in this issue of Telektronikk, Ed Anderson presents his design criteria for a PRT control system. For most of the period in which the idea of PRT has developed, the computing and networking technology for building a PRT control system were less mature and hence the thinking related to the design of control system was naturally affected by this. As no PRT system for other than restricted test tasks has so far been set into operation, there still does not exist any readymade software and hardware for controlling a PRT system. Further, there are no standards, neither for operating such a system, nor for solving the interconnect problems that arise if two or more such networks were to exchange vehicles. In this short comment we look for similarities between some of the PRT proposals and the Internet Protocol. This similarity may be exploitable when designing and building an actual PRT control system. Specifically, it is a goal to set the issue of PRT in the context of telecommunication. We outline how a control system for PRT, meeting Anderson’s design criteria, could actually be implemented by adapting the thinking, huge competence and technology base existing for IP networks. What we propose is not new to the PRT designers, but hopefully the IP way of thinking can bridge two professional and business cultures that have or at least should have a lot in common. However, the IP networks metaphor is not the only way to design a PRT system. We will also briefly touch an alternative to the IP metaphor. Needless to say – the alternative also has parallels in existing designs of telecommunication systems. Distributed Control System Thinking The thinking on software control systems for PRT started many years ago, when IT systems were thought of in more centralised terms and implemented with heavier building blocks and fewer commodity products than today. Some PRT designs and implementations are thus fairly parallel to designs of computer and telecom networks from the same period, e.g. being based on full synchronisation of the network and time slots, with a central control system allocating time slots to each vehicle. Later came various modifications, implying an increasing degree of distribution of computing power and decision making competence to the various basic elements of the system: vehicles, stations and intersections. (An overview of such principles is found in the PhD thesis of Markus Theodor Szillat: A Low-level PRT Microsimulation, PhD dissertation, University of Bristol, April 2001.) The evolution towards distributed control is also reflected in Ed Anderson’s paper. Each vehicle, station and intersection in a PRT system is supposed to be unmanned and more or less make its own decisions related to routes and operation. This requires a distributed control system combined with mobile computing and intensive communication. Distributed control systems have been around for years and have been the domain of telecom operators and a few other big companies or government agencies. Generally such systems have been expensive, but now cheaper computers and open standards for distributed computing make them more feasible. Consider the case of air traffic control. Air traffic control has until now relied on ground control of airspace, and aircraft following strict corridors and time slots. However, now the United States Federal Aviation Authority has proposed the concept of “free flight” where the task of separation assurance is delegated to each aircraft. It is even argued that “free flight” will reduce costs and improve efficiency and capacity. Mobile computing has also been around for years – NASA’s spacecraft may be the prime example. Demand for mobile computing based on small computers connected through some kind of radio network has more or less exploded, and devices complete with software for radio based connectivity through GSM, WLAN or Bluetooth are ubiquitous. NASA’s mobile computing was certainly not affordable, but now almost everyone can buy mobile computing equipment. One of the factors that drive the development of mobile computing and distributed control systems – aside from the demand for services – is the availability of Internet Protocols and appropriate tools. IP and networks have transformed the way distributed systems are designed. This will probably be the case for PRT systems too: The first control system to meet Anderson’s design criteria will in all probability be based 117
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Telektronikk Volume 99 No. 1 - 2003
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Jan A Audestad (61) is Senior Advis
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Intelligent Transport Systems - Telenor

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