Intelligent Transport Systems - Telenor

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Haruo Ozaki (44) is an associate professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Toyo University, Japan. His major interests are in the fields of road traffic engineering and telematic applications to transport. ozaki@eng.toyo.ac.jp 36 Evolution of ITS in Japan in the Last and Next Decades HARUO OZAKI During the last decade, Japan has focused on nationwide ITS service deployment. The public sector has taken the lead in large national programs to implement nationwide ITS services. In this article, it is suggested that the fast progress seen in Japan is based on the historical accumulation of physical and data infrastructures. The fast evolution is also due to an ambitious national master plan and the national architecture for ITS. Three targets for the ITS evolution are discussed for the next decade. ITS for pedestrians is blooming with the large increase in personal mobile terminals. ITS to support regional needs is another future area. Finally, it is mentioned that probe systems have the potential to open a new stage of ITS. 1 Features during Last Decade The public sector has led the deployment of ITS in Japan. Two national ITS systems, VICS and ETC, are now widely served. 1.1 VICS [1] The Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) service started its operation in 1996. VICS is a kind of on-trip driver information service, which provides drivers with realtime traffic conditions, incidents, temporary traffic regulations, and availability of parking facilities. Drivers can obtain VICS information through on-board units. In order to provide the updated traffic information to on-board units, three interfaces are prepared: radio wave beacons, infrared beacons, and FM multiplex broadcasting. • Radio wave beacons are installed mainly on expressways for short-range communication. They use 2.4997 GHz frequencies and operate one-way communication from the roadside to vehicles. • Infrared beacons are installed on normal highways and streets. They operate short-range two-way communication between roadside and vehicles. • FM multiplex broadcasting is delivered from broadcasting stations to vehicles for wide area communications. VICS compatible on-board units can generally be purchased for between 100 and 200 thousand yen depending on the optional choices of either three interfaces. However, customers regard VICS as very costeffective. An initial investment of only 300 yen for on-board units includes a user’s contract with the VICS service. Once on-board units are equipped, customers can receive updated road traffic information without any extra charge. So VICS has been widely accepted so far. As for the VICS compatible on-board equipment, five million units have been delivered to the domestic market as of September 2002. This accounts for a 50 % diffusion rate of ten million users of on-board navigation devices including VICS-incompatible stand-alone models that have been released since the 1980s. The service is operated by the newly established non-profit organization (VICS Center) for this purpose. It is scheduled that nationwide coverage of VICS service will be completed spring 2003. The success of VICS is due to the small cost perceived by the user. However, the author should also emphasize that the system is based on the good physical and data infrastructures. There has been a long history of collecting road and traffic information and delivering it to the public in Japan. Let us review some examples in the Tokyo area. Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation provides 200 kilometers of toll road network services in the capital area. Daily, more than one million vehicles are observed on the expressway network. The public corporation is responsible for the traffic surveillance and control. In this network, more than four thousand vehicle detectors are installed in order to monitor real-time traffic conditions. The collected data are processed for use in the control of the traffic flow by tollgate closures or by information provisioning through many variable message signs (VMSs) along the routes. On normal highways and streets, the police departments manage road traffic including traffic signal controls and parking controls. Law enforcement is also under the jurisdiction of police Telektronikk 1.2003
departments. Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department manages the normal street and road network in Tokyo with more than 16 thousand vehicle detectors installed at the roadside. Road administrators and police departments in the country have been very active in collecting, processing, and providing road and traffic information since the1960s. They started independent information provisioning through their own facilities; however, the non-profit organization, Japan Road Traffic Information Center (JAR- TIC) was founded in 1970 in order to provide travelers and drivers with combined road and traffic information. JARTIC information has been much appreciated by the public through radio and TV broadcasts. Real-time information delivered on the web started in July 2000. [2] Figure 1 illustrates the whole picture of data flow of road and traffic information in Japan. The innovative VICS relies on JARTIC data. Road and traffic managers entrust the JARTIC and VICS Center with road and traffic data free of charge. JARTIC also sells road and traffic information to private information service providers (ISPs). Several private ISPs have been established; so far, however, their business performances have not been satisfactory. 1.2 ETC The Japanese deployment of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems appeared rather late compared to the rest of the world. The ETC service officially started in March 2001 after a one year test operation within selected small areas. The Japanese expressway service is provided by toll systems. ETC is introduced for the replacement of the manual payment and is now operated solely for the automatic transaction of tolls. Toll road operator Certification Vehicle Type IC card ID Tollgate ID Telektronikk 1.2003 Charge Payment On-board unit IC card Data Collection processing, provision Road administrator Traffic manager (police) JARTIC Secondary processing, provision The transaction process is operated through twoway dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) between roadside units and on-board equipment. The 5.8 GHz band is standardized for this interface among intercity and intracity expressway operators. The toll is rather high in Japan. The intercity expressway service is nationally operated by Japan Highway Public Corporation and is extended to seven thousand kilometers of network. The rate of intercity toll is dependent on the five categories of vehicle types and mileage of usage, for example, 24.6 yen per kilometer for the small compact cars and 40.59 yen for heavy commercial vehicles. A high charge rate and the variations in vehicle types are reasons why Japanese ETC selected the active two-way communication through DSRC. The items exchanged by DSRC communication are certificate ID, vehicle type, IC card ID, tollgate ID and so forth. Privacy regulations normally apply for these items. So the non-profit organization, Organization for Road System Enhancement (ORSE) has been established as a public manager of security [3]. The ORSE manages the standards for ETC operation and discloses the security key data to limited parties Issue Charge Payment Credit card company Key data User Setup Key data Setup agent Key data ORSE VICS Travellers ISP Users Drivers Pedestrias etc Figure 1 Data flow of road and traffic information in Japan Figure 2 Framework of ETC Service in Japan 37
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