Intelligent Transport Systems - Telenor

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Figure 1 Example of MEMS 4 Therefore, even if there is much telecom traffic involved in road payment, no revenues may find their way to the telecom operator. So again we see that the telecom operator does not occupy the driver’s seat. Finally, there are entertainment and information services. The telecom operators will earn money by providing telecommunications channels for delivering electronic games, entertainment and information to occupants of cars, provided that such services exist. Creation and design of entertainment and information services is not the core business of the telecom operator and should therefore be discouraged from entering such businesses [4]. How much the telecom operator may earn from entertainment and information services depends therefore critically on how good the service providers are at designing such services and how well the telecom operator and service providers cooperate in order to offer them at an acceptable price. So even in providing information and entertainment the telecom provider will find that although he is in the driver’s seat, he does not occupy the seat alone. The following sections will go deeper into some of the aspects just mentioned. Some of these aspects exist in embryonic form already or belong to the near future; other aspects apparently belong to the far future. However, we should by now have learned that sometimes the development goes much faster or takes different routes than we expect. An example of the former is the decoding of the human genome; an example of the latter is the World Wide Web that not only changed dramatically many of the old concepts of telecommunications but also led to one of the worst economic crises we have ever seen. CO HC NO Radon Other gasses Temperature Barometric pressure Particles Airflow Noise detector Vibration Signal processing 2 The Car as a Mainframe Computer: Automotive Sensor Technology During the last few years, an important evolution of the sensor and actuator technologies has taken place, called micro-electromechanical systems or MEMS. One of the drivers of this development has been the automobile industry. Other industries driving the technology forward are the medical industry, the military industry, the chemical industry and the industries involved in energy management. MEMS are sensors and actuators that are micromachined on silicon wafers. The advantage of such devices is that mechanical detectors and actuators, chemical reactors, synthesisers and analysers, and electrical, magnetic and thermal detectors can be built together with randomaccess memories, PROMs and CPUs on the same wafer. Examples of MEMS are detectors, valves and pumps integrated in one package for micro-dosage of medicine, video cameras complete with micro-lenses on a single silicon chip, micro-spectrometers for chemical analysis, gyros for monitoring the position and action of the airfoils of military aircraft, and accelerometers for releasing the airbag in cars. Examples of MEMS devices and various ongoing research and manufacturing activities concerning MEMS are described in [5]. One example taken from [5] is a MEMS designed for automatic building control (Figure 1). The system consists of two chips: the detector chip and the neural network control chip. The latter collects all measurements from the detector chips and computes a situation report that is sent to a controller (not shown in the figure) over the Internet. The detector chip contains sen- Other detector chips Neural network control chip Internet Telektronikk 1.2003
sors that provide a picture of the climate of the building. Each room of the building may contain one or more detector devices. The detector chip contains thermometer, chemical sensors for detecting gasses (CO, HC, NO, radon and others), mechanical detectors for measuring barometric pressure, airflow, noise and vibrations, nuclear detector for measuring particle content, and electronic signal processing device for receiving, multiplexing and digitalisation of the signals from the detectors and for forwarding the result to the neural network control device. Even this formidably complex device is cheap when it can be produced in large numbers. The automobile industry is the largest industry utilising MEMS. Examples of devices already produced for applications in cars are: • Accelerometer for the airbag; • Gauge for measuring engine-oil pressure; • Thermometers for measuring internal and external temperature; • Engine fuel-level meter. Future devices and devices being tested include: • Gauges for measuring the level and pressure of break fluid and transmission fluid; • Contamination measurement of engine oil and exhaust gases; • Gauges for measuring tyre pressure; • Position monitoring of crankshaft, camshaft and throttle; • Motor vibrations monitor; • Optimum management of injection system and ignition system; • Monitoring safety related features: suspension, seat occupancy, dynamic behaviour of vehicle, anti-collision radar and object avoidance system; • And several other functions. What is important to observe is that the car is becoming a computer platform as illustrated in Figure 2. The car will then contain a local area network (Ethernet) where all sensors (S) are interconnected with processors (µP = microprocessor), actuators (A) and communications and navigation devices. This evolution is driven jointly by the automobile industry and the semiconductor industry: the automobile industry producing safer and more efficient cars, and the semiconductor industry developing small, cheap Telektronikk 1.2003 A S Radar S µP A GPS S WLAN µP S GSM Ethernet and reliable MEMS components. The technology strategist Paul Saffo claims that the semiconductor industry will be the industry driving the evolution of the ICT industry during the first decade of the 21st century [6]. The reason is that machine-to-machine communication supporting complex remote-control systems such as driverless vehicles and automated management of buildings require new ways of thinking about telecommunications: it is the availability of MEMS and other micro-miniature devices that will determine the future of the telecom business. The telecom operators, the computer industry and the information producers have all had their day taking their turns at the wheel during the 1970s (human-to-human communications), the 1980s (embryonic computer-to-computer communications) and the 1990s (human-toinformation systems communications), respectively. In automotive systems, communications is required for remote monitoring, downloading of new computer software, and preventive maintenance of the vehicle. This requires communication with computers in the factory of the manufacturer or in the garage of the dealer. 3 Science Fiction? Driverless Cars and Internet Along the Autobahn We just saw that the automobile is becoming a computer and communication platform with formidable capacity. This capacity can be utilised in order to change our view completely concerning what is possible to achieve in the future. In principle it is possible to construct driverless cars. It is not more complex than putting sensors along the road so that the vehicle can trace them in order to keep on the right side of the road and, as an extra safety precaution, equip all vehicles with anti-collision radars and obstacle avoidance systems in order to avoid running over objects, pedestrians, cyclists and animals in the road. The system also requires software and algorithms that can manage road crossings, exits, stops, diversions, traffic jams and parking. These are difficult problems but they are solvable on today’s computers if we put together enough resources on system design, development of algorithms and programming. Figure 2 The vehicle as computer and communication platform 5
Page 2 and 3: Telektronikk Volume 99 No. 1 - 2003
Page 4 and 5: Jan A Audestad (61) is Senior Advis
Page 8 and 9: 6 Sensor Figure 3 Road with electro
Page 10 and 11: 8 Token to be trusted TTP operator
Page 12 and 13: 10 Road telematics also represents
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1 Mainstream taxonomy of ITS
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Page 24 and 25: Table 1 European Architecture Proje
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Figure 7 Travel information site wi
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Figure 13 Overview of class diagram
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Figure 18 State diagram for ITSClie
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Nina Myren (37) is studying Media S
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Hilde Lovett (38) is Senior Researc
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Einar Flydal (53) is Senior Adviser
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Table 1 European cities with census
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Table 2 Financial and economic comp
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Figure 5 Vehicle on Cardiff test tr
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Erik Fenstad (34) is Strategy Advis
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Dag Sanne obtained his BCom from th
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Figure 5 Interconnection of network
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3) The invariant part of the virus
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Einar Utvik (62) worked in Televerk
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Elected Council members Elected Cou
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