IATP Hog Report - Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy

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Section 0 2 North Central Regional Center for Rural Development. (1999). Bringing home the bacon: The myth of the role of corporate hog farming in rural revitalization. A report to the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. Weatherford, OK: The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. 3 Constance, Doug. (1998). Interview, And On This Farm. 26-minute video. Burnsville, MN: Field Pictures, Inc. 4 Harrison, R. (1964). Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry. London: Vincent Stuart Publishers, Ltd. 5 U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1998, January). A time to act: A report of the USDA National Commission on Small Farms. (Miscellaneous Publication 1545, p. 9.) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 6 National Research Council. (1998). The use of drugs in food animals: Benefits and risks. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.iatp.org/hogreport/sec0.html (11 of 11)2/27/2006 3:50:00 AM
Section 1 I. Are Independent Farmers an Endangered Species? Sub-sections: The Irrationalization of U. S. Hog Farming, 1950 to 2000 The Price Crisis and Its Economic Impacts Vertical and Horizontal Integration and Vertical Coordination Manipulation of Markets Other Concerns Why Should We Care about Independent Hog Farmers? Some Strategies and Action Alternatives Supportive of Independent Family Farmers References | Next Section | | Table of Contents | | Home Page | Are Independent Farmers an Endangered Species? In 1950, 2.1 million U.S. farmers sold hogs. 1 Average sales were 31 hogs per farm. However, by 1950, radical structural changes had already begun to occur in the hog industry, similar to the concentration and specialization that had already taken place in the broiler industry. By the close of 1999, only 98,460 U.S. farms sold hogs. 2 Average sales were around 1,100 market hogs per farm, but 105 farms having over 50,000 pigs each accounted for 40% of the U.S. hog inventory. The largest four operations Smithfield Foods, Inc., ContiGroup (Continental Grain and Premium Standard Farms), Seaboard Corporation, and Prestage Farms sold 11.6 million, 2.9 million, 2.5 million, and 2.2 million market hogs, respectively, accounting for nearly 20% of total U.S. hog production. 3 The Irrationalization of U.S. Hog Farming, 1950 to 2000 Prior to 1950, most U.S. hog farms operated seasonally. Hogs were "mortgage lifters," adding value to crops grown on the farm and adding significantly to the farm's cash flow. 4 Most farms were independently owned and managed by families whose members also provided the major part of the farm's labor. Hogs were raised outdoors with access to bedded shelters or indoors in pens bedded with straw or hay. Sows, adult females, gave birth, or farrowed, once or twice a year. Half a year later the grown market hogs were sold. Sales took place primarily on competitive, open markets with a large number of buyers bidding for hogs. Farms were characterized by low capital costs and a diverse enterprise structure, combining crops, forage, and one or more species of livestock. These features of independent farms made it relatively easy for the industry to contract or expand supply, as farmers went into and out of the hog business in response to changes in the market price. With the discovery of vitamins A and D in the early 20th century, it had become possible to confine farm animals indoors without sunlight and produce year round. 5 But indoor confinement had contributed to disease and death losses. The discovery in the late 1940s that low-level antibiotic feeding helped suppress disease outbreaks made it possible to crowd more animals into a single building, contributing to the trend toward intensive confinement. 6 Higher capital costs of confinement led to the development of specialized technologies to save on space and increase output per unit of investment. Individual crates, roughly the size of a standing sow, allowed twice the http://www.iatp.org/hogreport/sec1.html (1 of 23)2/27/2006 3:50:02 AM
Page 1 and 2: IATP Hog Report http://www.iatp.org
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Marlene Halverson
Page 5 and 6: Section 0 The choice as to whether
Page 7 and 8: Section 0 massive quantities of gro
Page 9 and 10: Section 0 quantities far exceeding
Page 11 and 12: Section 0 hog factories avoid the e
Page 13: Section 0 Alternatively, we can try
Page 17 and 18: Section 1 programs were put in plac
Page 19 and 20: Section 1 and consolidating their o
Page 21 and 22: Section 1 Farm Credit [Service] is
Page 23 and 24: Section 1 results despite a $58.6 m
Page 25 and 26: Section 1 sell on the spot or cash
Page 27 and 28: Section 1 costs to ignoring the fac
Page 29 and 30: Section 1 Rationale: Independent ho
Page 31 and 32: Section 1 animals and definition of
Page 33 and 34: Section 1 Agriculture. 16 U.S. Depa
Page 35 and 36: Section 1 46-47 Ostmeyer, A. (1999,
Page 37 and 38: Section 1 77 Thornsbury, S., Kambha
Page 39 and 40: Section 2 Safety Some Strategies an
Page 41 and 42: Section 2 oxygen for complete fuel
Page 43 and 44: Section 2 cure bacterial diseases b
Page 45 and 46: Section 2 reach humans, including:
Page 47 and 48: Section 2 microorganisms in the env
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Page 51 and 52: Section 2 use of penicillin and tet
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Page 55 and 56: Section 2 The Swedish thus regard i
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Section 2 41 Backström, L. (1999,
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Section 2 Washington, DC: National
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Section 2 96-98 National Research C
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Section 2 SOU 1997:132 Del 2 (pdf-f
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Section 2 147 Ault, D. (1994). A ge
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Section 2 169 Ibid. 170 Ibid. http:
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Section 3 Receiving minimal day-to-
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Section 3 Hog Factory Impacts on Gr
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Section 3 In 1998, the U.S. Geologi
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Section 3 and creating setback dist
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Section 3 of nutrients in the Bay c
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Section 3 that lagoons begin to lea
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Section 3 native organic matter poo
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Section 3 Help preserve local contr
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Section 3 25 Ritter, W.F. & Chirnsi
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Section 3 American Prospect online,
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Section 3 68 Understanding the Poll
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Section 4 IV. Part of the Pig Reall
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Section 4 centuries. In 1713, an It
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Section 4 and 44 control participan
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Section 4 out carbon dioxide. Plant
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Section 4 additional systems in the
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Section 4 pollution-reducing option
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Section 4 18 Robbin Marks, Natural
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Section 4 59-61 Bird, E. and Strang
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Section 5 made up of the trust and
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Section 5 designation" for their pr
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Section 5 Pollution Shopping by Cor
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Section 5 environmental laws, and a
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Section 5 alternatives to the propo
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Section 5 Corporate farm operations
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Section 5 The EPA further concluded
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Section 5 ❍ an investigation of t
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Section 5 decision by Judge Kornman
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Section 5 and other training for it
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Section 5 grounds that it was a pub
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Section 5 · Operating a facility h
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Section 5 portions of an industrial
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Section 5 practices that favor the
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Section 5 investors in animal facto
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Section 5 Health Department. Herald
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Section 5 55 RESPEC. (1998, August)
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Section 5 to Eric Nixon, regarding
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Section 5 126 Ozark Sierra Club. (2
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Section 6 | Next Section | | Table
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Section 6 about the effects of inte
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Section 6 Today, there is a special
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Section 6 persist in milk and some
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Section 6 In some of the largest ho
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Section 6 Population density inside
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Section 6 widespread abuses of anim
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Section 6 Weaning pigs when they ar
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Section 6 Ironically, the creation
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Section 6 compatible alternatives t
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Section 6 Office. 13 Dawkins, M.S.
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Section 6 37 Broom, D.M., Dantzer,
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Section 6 IPVS Special Report. B Ph
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Section 6 Obstacles and opportuniti
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Section 6 http://www.iatp.org/hogre
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Section 7 The Campaign for Family F
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Section 7 struggle to compete with
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Section 7 The South Carolina Coasta
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Section 7 groups can litigate again
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Section 7 Clean Water Fund has been
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Section 7 sustainable production me
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Section 8 VIII. Funder to Funder Su
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Section 8 report presents strong ev
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Section 9 no unwarrantably limit th
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Contacts Contacts Alabama Arkansas
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Contacts Georgia Daphne Walker Ohoo
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Contacts Teresa Opheim Iowa Environ
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Contacts Dave Dempsey Michigan Envi
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Contacts Montana Jim Jensen Montana
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Contacts Mark Trechock Dakota Resou
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Contacts Bill Berry Concerned Citiz
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Contacts John H. Davidson Midwest A
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Contacts Larry Barker Buckingham Ci
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Contacts Dan Heilig Wyoming Outdoor
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Contacts Rob Perks/Todd Robins Publ
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Funders Mary Stake Hawker, Director
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Funders Vic DeLuca Jessie Smith Noy
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Photo Galleries People Back to Main
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disease Photo Gallery: Disease Back
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Flooding Photo Gallery: Flooding Ba
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Cartoons Cartoons Back to Main Page
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cartoon1 Previous / Next Index Page
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cartoon9 Previous Index Page http:/
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