IATP Hog Report - Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy

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Section 2 Use in Food Producing Animals." 114 In it, the FDA noted that the weight of the evidence, particularly in the past decade, indicates there is a relationship between use of antibiotic feed additives as growth promoters and resistance buildup in bacteria previously susceptible to the antibiotics, and that this evidence is sufficient to take the measures it proposed. The agribusiness and animal health industry interpreted the published framework as an overreaction by the FDA and called for more research. 115 In its proposal, the FDA noted European studies published since 1993, which showed that comparisons of vancomycin resistance in organically reared poultry, and in conventionally reared poultry fed avoparcin as a growth promoter, found no vancomycin-resistant enterococci in organically reared birds organic standards forbid feeding antibiotics but detected vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in the majority of conventionally reared birds. 116 The investigators also compared conventional swine and poultry flocks that did and did not use avoparcin and found a strong, statistically significant association between the presence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in the animals and use of avoparcin as a growth promoter. 117 In March 1999, fifty scientists and forty-one public interest groups called on the FDA to ban the use of certain antibiotics as growth promoters. 118 On November 9, 1999, Representative Sherrod Brown of Ohio, along with Representatives Henry Waxman and Louise Slaughter, introduced H.R. 3266, "to direct that essential antibiotic drugs not be used in livestock unless there is a reasonable certainty of no harm to human health." 119 Progress in Europe Between 1985 and 1999, the most progressive developments in preserving the efficacy of antibiotics for human and animal health occurred in Europe. In 1986, Sweden enacted a total ban on the use of antibiotics as subtherapeutic feed additives for disease prevention and growth promotion. 120 Although they had requested the ban, Swedish farmers had not anticipated the health and economic impacts that were to follow. On many piglet-producing farms, withdrawal of antibiotics from feeds unmasked disease pressures that low-level antibiotic use had kept "hidden." Small pigs became sick and died from weaning diarrhea, or "scours." It would have been possible simply to substitute another kind of additive (such as zinc) for the missing antibiotics, and some farmers did this. But these substitutions have the potential to create pollution problems. Meanwhile, it was noted that some farms, having a high level of hygiene and using straw in the pens, escaped the adverse impacts and had http://www.iatp.org/hogreport/sec2.html (15 of 38)2/27/2006 3:50:06 AM
Section 2 few problems adjusting. Making use of this observation Swedish farmers, who were having problems and wanted to cope with the ban in more natural ways, changed facilities and management to provide a higher level of welfare to the animals than before. 121 Changes included increasing the space allotted to each individual animal and providing straw, a natural source of warmth, dietary fiber, and occupation for the animals. Fresh straw, continually added to the beds, keeps animals separated from their waste. Also, farmers went back to their practice of weaning pigs at five to six weeks of age. This length of time allowed small pigs to build their own antibodies and accustom their guts to solid feed before weaning. These improvements helped keep the pigs' natural immunity high by reducing the stress of confinement and increasing the hygiene level in the barns. Farmers incorporated deep-straw farrowing and nursing systems, changed feed contents and rations, and adopted "all in-all out" production schedules where pigs are reared in stable groups and rooms are cleaned after every group is moved. 122 Today, total antibiotic use for food animals in Sweden is 55% lower than before the ban, the incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria has been reduced, animal health is very high, and production levels are close to preban levels. 123 Upon entering the European Union (EU) in 1994, Sweden was permitted to retain its total ban until December 31, 1998, at which time it was either to present scientific evidence to support retention of the ban or adopt EU policies. Sweden's 1997 submission in support of its ban is comprehensive. 124 In 1997, the World Health Organization recommended that the use of any antimicrobial agent for growth promotion in farm animals should be terminated if it is used in human therapeutics or known to select for crossresistance to antimicrobials used in human medicine. 125,126 In January 1998, Denmark, exercising the "precautionary principle," banned the use of virginiamycin as an animal growth promoter. The European Union (EU) followed suit, citing scientific evidence presented by Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. It banned four antibiotic feed additives (virginiamycin, spiramycin, tylosin phosphate, and bacitracin-zinc) and granted exceptions to the ban for antibiotics not used in human or animal therapy. 127 The makers of virginiamycin and bacitracin-zinc, Pfizer, Inc. and http://www.iatp.org/hogreport/sec2.html (16 of 38)2/27/2006 3:50:06 AM
Page 1 and 2: IATP Hog Report http://www.iatp.org
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Marlene Halverson
Page 5 and 6: Section 0 The choice as to whether
Page 7 and 8: Section 0 massive quantities of gro
Page 9 and 10: Section 0 quantities far exceeding
Page 11 and 12: Section 0 hog factories avoid the e
Page 13 and 14: Section 0 Alternatively, we can try
Page 15 and 16: Section 1 I. Are Independent Farmer
Page 17 and 18: Section 1 programs were put in plac
Page 19 and 20: Section 1 and consolidating their o
Page 21 and 22: Section 1 Farm Credit [Service] is
Page 23 and 24: Section 1 results despite a $58.6 m
Page 25 and 26: Section 1 sell on the spot or cash
Page 27 and 28: Section 1 costs to ignoring the fac
Page 29 and 30: Section 1 Rationale: Independent ho
Page 31 and 32: Section 1 animals and definition of
Page 33 and 34: Section 1 Agriculture. 16 U.S. Depa
Page 35 and 36: Section 1 46-47 Ostmeyer, A. (1999,
Page 37 and 38: Section 1 77 Thornsbury, S., Kambha
Page 39 and 40: Section 2 Safety Some Strategies an
Page 41 and 42: Section 2 oxygen for complete fuel
Page 43 and 44: Section 2 cure bacterial diseases b
Page 45 and 46: Section 2 reach humans, including:
Page 47 and 48: Section 2 microorganisms in the env
Page 49 and 50: Section 2 bacteria, but it saw no r
Page 51: Section 2 use of penicillin and tet
Page 55 and 56: Section 2 The Swedish thus regard i
Page 57 and 58: Section 2 marketed, discounted to t
Page 59 and 60: Section 2 destroyed, leaving behind
Page 61 and 62: Section 2 and practices that make a
Page 63 and 64: Section 2 of Minnesota, Biosystems
Page 65 and 66: Section 2 41 Backström, L. (1999,
Page 67 and 68: Section 2 Washington, DC: National
Page 69 and 70: Section 2 96-98 National Research C
Page 71 and 72: Section 2 SOU 1997:132 Del 2 (pdf-f
Page 73 and 74: Section 2 147 Ault, D. (1994). A ge
Page 75 and 76: Section 2 169 Ibid. 170 Ibid. http:
Page 77 and 78: Section 3 Receiving minimal day-to-
Page 79 and 80: Section 3 Hog Factory Impacts on Gr
Page 81 and 82: Section 3 In 1998, the U.S. Geologi
Page 83 and 84: Section 3 and creating setback dist
Page 85 and 86: Section 3 of nutrients in the Bay c
Page 87 and 88: Section 3 that lagoons begin to lea
Page 89 and 90: Section 3 native organic matter poo
Page 91 and 92: Section 3 Help preserve local contr
Page 93 and 94: Section 3 25 Ritter, W.F. & Chirnsi
Page 95 and 96: Section 3 American Prospect online,
Page 97 and 98: Section 3 68 Understanding the Poll
Page 99 and 100: Section 4 IV. Part of the Pig Reall
Page 101 and 102: Section 4 centuries. In 1713, an It
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Section 4 and 44 control participan
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Section 4 out carbon dioxide. Plant
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Section 4 additional systems in the
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Section 4 pollution-reducing option
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Section 4 18 Robbin Marks, Natural
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Section 4 59-61 Bird, E. and Strang
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Section 5 made up of the trust and
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Section 5 designation" for their pr
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Section 5 Pollution Shopping by Cor
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Section 5 environmental laws, and a
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Section 5 alternatives to the propo
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Section 5 Corporate farm operations
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Section 5 The EPA further concluded
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Section 5 ❍ an investigation of t
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Section 5 decision by Judge Kornman
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Section 5 and other training for it
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Section 5 grounds that it was a pub
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Section 5 · Operating a facility h
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Section 5 portions of an industrial
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Section 5 practices that favor the
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Section 5 investors in animal facto
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Section 5 Health Department. Herald
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Section 5 55 RESPEC. (1998, August)
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Section 5 to Eric Nixon, regarding
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Section 5 126 Ozark Sierra Club. (2
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Section 6 | Next Section | | Table
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Section 6 about the effects of inte
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Section 6 Today, there is a special
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Section 6 persist in milk and some
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Section 6 In some of the largest ho
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Section 6 Population density inside
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Section 6 widespread abuses of anim
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Section 6 Weaning pigs when they ar
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Section 6 Ironically, the creation
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Section 6 compatible alternatives t
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Section 6 Office. 13 Dawkins, M.S.
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Section 6 37 Broom, D.M., Dantzer,
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Section 6 IPVS Special Report. B Ph
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Section 6 Obstacles and opportuniti
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Section 6 http://www.iatp.org/hogre
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Section 7 The Campaign for Family F
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Section 7 struggle to compete with
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Section 7 The South Carolina Coasta
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Section 7 groups can litigate again
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Section 7 Clean Water Fund has been
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Section 7 sustainable production me
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Section 8 VIII. Funder to Funder Su
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Section 8 report presents strong ev
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Section 9 no unwarrantably limit th
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Contacts Contacts Alabama Arkansas
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Contacts Georgia Daphne Walker Ohoo
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Contacts Teresa Opheim Iowa Environ
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Contacts Dave Dempsey Michigan Envi
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Contacts Montana Jim Jensen Montana
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Contacts Mark Trechock Dakota Resou
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Contacts Bill Berry Concerned Citiz
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Contacts John H. Davidson Midwest A
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Contacts Larry Barker Buckingham Ci
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Contacts Dan Heilig Wyoming Outdoor
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Contacts Rob Perks/Todd Robins Publ
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Funders Mary Stake Hawker, Director
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Funders Vic DeLuca Jessie Smith Noy
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Photo Galleries People Back to Main
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disease Photo Gallery: Disease Back
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Flooding Photo Gallery: Flooding Ba
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Cartoons Cartoons Back to Main Page
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cartoon1 Previous / Next Index Page
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cartoon11 Previous / Next Index Pag
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cartoon13 Previous / Next Index Pag
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cartoon9 Previous Index Page http:/
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