THE PLANTAR REFLEX - RePub

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TELEOLOGICAL SPECULATIONS - science or fiction? . . . . . - the Babinski sign . . . . . - the normal plantar response CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . 47 48 48 49 CHAPTER II INTERPRETATION OF PLANTAR REFLEXES: VARIATION AND BIAS INTRODUCTION - observer error: examination or interpretation? - bias . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . METHODS - subjects - films - accompanying information - recording of interpretations RESULTS - cover films - variation within and between observers - effects of preceding information . . . DISCUSSION - disagreement within and between observers - bias . . . . . . . . . - need for objective criteria CONCLUSIONS . . . . . 53 53 55 55 56 56 56 56 60 62 62 63 64 CHAPTER III BABINSKI SIGN: STIMULUS AND EFFECTOR INTRODUCTION - recording the plantar reflex . . . . . . - electromyography and the Babinski sign: the extensor hallucis longus .............. . 67 67
. or the extensor hallucis brevis? . . . . - normal plantar response: flexor hallucis brevis - equivalence of electrical and mechanical stimuli? METHODS - patients - stimulation - recording RESULTS - effector of Babinski sign . . . . . . . . . . - mechanical stimulation: effects in EHL and FHB - electrical stimulation: effects in EHL and FHB . DISCUSSION - effector of Babinski sign - mechanical and electrical stimuli - punctate and moving stimuli CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . 69 70 70 71 71 71 73 74 76 79 80 82 83 CHAPTER IV EQUIVOCAL PLANTAR RESPONSES INTRODUCTION - when is an upgoing toe a Babinski sign? - the flexion reflex . . . . . . . . . - procedures to "enhance' the Babinski sign - electromyography . . . . . . . . . METHODS - patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - stimulation and recording . . . . . . . - clinical examination and exclusion of bias - electromyographic criteria . . . . . . . RESULTS - observer consistency - EMG consistency - inexperienced observer - EMG result and initial rating of referring physicians 87 87 88 89 90 90 90 92 94 94 95 95
Page 1 and 2: THE PLANTAR REFLEX a historical, cl
Page 3 and 4: THE PLANTAR REFLEX A HISTORICAL, CL
Page 5: Aan mijn ouders Aan Carien, Maarten
Page 10 and 11: - EMG result and 'final' neurologic
Page 13: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS figure page 1
Page 16 and 17: Electromyographic recording from mu
Page 19 and 20: The plantar reflex before Babinski
Page 21 and 22: viz. those of Striimpell (1899), Op
Page 23 and 24: These early reports did not reach m
Page 25 and 26: Charcot's concepts about hysteria w
Page 27 and 28: TABLE I STUDIES CONFIRMING BABINSKI
Page 29 and 30: False positive findings? Babinski's
Page 31 and 32: FLEXION AND EXTENSION SYNERGIES The
Page 33 and 34: confirmed by Walshe (1914). His is
Page 35 and 36: esult in disappearance of the Babin
Page 37 and 38: without an ipsilateral upgoing toe
Page 39 and 40: RIVAL SIGNS Confusion When Babinski
Page 41 and 42: 8. Stroking the anterior surface of
Page 43 and 44: Contradictory findings THE PLANTAR
Page 45 and 46: Bersot 1920,'2! ? X ]l 2 Burr 1921
Page 47: curious case of one healthy infant
Page 50 and 51: 9. Infants under one year of age ge
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCTION Observer error: examin
Page 55 and 56: following a suggestion that most re
Page 57 and 58: TABLE IV INFORMATION PRECEDING THE
Page 59 and 60:
TABLE VI RATINGS OF 'INFORMATION' G
Page 61 and 62:
unm i stakab I y upward possibly up
Page 63 and 64:
Clinical experience appeared to be
Page 65:
CHAPTER III BABINSKI SIGN: STIMULUS
Page 68 and 69:
TABLE VII CLINICAL COMMENTS ON THE
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Normal plantar response: flexor hal
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I. rn. extensor hallucis longus 2.
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TABLE VIII OCCURRENCE OF REFLEX ACT
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ecruited and even interrupted by EH
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value (the minimal stimulus intensi
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FIGURE 8 Relative dimen.riom and we
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the two separate bursts of electrom
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5. In general, reflex effects produ
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INTRODUCTION When is an upgoing toe
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stimulated side diminishes extensor
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30 patients with equivocal plantar
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A FHB EHL E TA EHL c FHB TA _j1mV 5
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Inexperienced observer An additiona
Page 97 and 98:
patient 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 sex F M M F F
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Practical use of the flexion reflex
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1. Contraction of the tibialis ante
Page 103 and 104:
FHB I ! ¥ _j 02 FHB ...,. r~~a..,.
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Finally the method of stimulation.
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CHAPTER V THE BABINSKI SIGN AND THE
Page 110 and 111:
TABLE XIV THEORIES INVOKING A SUPRA
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change of the plantar reflex was of
Page 114 and 115:
An upgoing toe response in lower pr
Page 116 and 117:
noticed no special features, and of
Page 118 and 119:
'pyramidal syndrome' were not. Thei
Page 120 and 121:
movements, but also the capacity to
Page 122 and 123:
- rapid foot tapping on the couch,
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE XVI FREQUENCY OF V ARlO US SI
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~ N 0\ TABLE XVIII PATIENTS WITH A
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~ N 00 TABLE XIX LACK OF CORRELATIO
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~ '->' 0 TABLE XX PATIENTS SHOWING
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3. BABINSKI SIGNS APPEARING IN OR D
Page 134 and 135:
--------------~~- ~ '-" TARLE XXI "
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DISCUSSION Two principal features e
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patients in the first group in whom
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The most striking examples of Babin
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eflex arc must have its impact at o
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hallucis longus motoneurones to seg
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9. The paradoxical downward toe res
Page 148 and 149:
showed very little agreement with t
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A second condition to be fulfilled
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eide met dubieuze voetzoolreflexen,
Page 154 and 155:
waarin de Babinski-reflex verdween,
Page 156 and 157:
BABINSKI,]. (1885). Recherches sur
Page 158 and 159:
approche d'une interpretation du si
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BUCK, D. de, and MOOR, L. de (1900)
Page 162 and 163:
DEJERINE, ]., and LEVY V j\LENSI, J
Page 164 and 165:
FRIEDMAN, E. D. (1920). On a possib
Page 166 and 167:
GROSS, F. (1971). The Emperor"s clo
Page 168 and 169:
IIDA, M., and BASMAJIAN,]. V. (1974
Page 170 and 171:
LANDAU, W. M., and CLARE, M. H. (19
Page 172 and 173:
MANFREDI, M., SACCO, G., and SIDER!
Page 174 and 175:
NYBERG-HANSEN, R., and RINVIK, E. (
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lombo-sacrCe avec amyotrophie globa
Page 178 and 179:
STRDMPELL, A. VON (1887). Ueber ein
Page 180 and 181:
WALSHE, F. M. R. (1956). The Babins
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for
Page 185:
CURRICULUM VITAE De schrijver van d
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