Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 4.17. Brix-free water values/% for dry leaf fibres (fibre F and fines f) of triplicate cane samples of four cane varieties and three ages. Sample* 52 weeks 44 weeks 36 weeks F mean f mean F mean f mean F mean f mean R 579 1 14.14 14.92 16.07 16.86 15.69 15.81 15.06 15.63 14.98 15.57 16.42 16.37 15.69 17.64 15.93 16.19 16.16 16.32 2 15.24 15.11 16.76 17.16 15.78 15.50 15.56 15.43 14.41 14.77 15.35 15.45 14.98 17.56 15.22 15.29 15.12 15.54 3 15.67 15.77 17.11 17.03 14.63 14.94 17.26 17.79 14.54 14.36 15.19 15.94 15.86 16.95 15.25 18.31 14.18 16.68 15.26 17.02 15.42 16.28 14.90 15.92 R 570 1 14.15 14.57 17.59 17.31 15.00 14.52 16.49 16.27 14.59 14.44 17.85 17.78 14.98 17.03 14.04 16.04 14.28 17.70 2 15.68 15.73 15.68 16.55 16.47 17.10 14.45 14.42 14.47 14.85 16.69 16.75 15.77 17.41 17.72 14.39 15.22 16.81 3 15.25 14.79 17.26 17.36 14.97 15.28 18.15 17.40 14.59 14.51 15.61 15.11 14.32 17.46 15.58 16.65 14.43 14.60 15.03 17.07 15.63 16.03 14.60 16.54 M 1557/70 1 15.74 15.52 13.77 13.94 14.61 15.41 13.56 14.26 15.19 15.30 19.98 19.76 15.29 14.11 16.21 14.95 15.40 19.54 2 15.55 15.50 14.78 14.64 14.09 14.28 13.19 13.45 15.43 15.27 16.75 16.84 15.44 14.49 14.47 13.71 15.11 16.92 3 14.01 14.43 15.43 15.07 13.77 14.05 17.18 17.02 13.67 14.69 15.29 15.40 14.84 14.70 14.32 16.86 15.71 15.51 15.15 14.55 14.58 14.91 15.09 17.33 M 1400/86 1 15.02 14.39 12.02 12.85 14.45 14.51 15.03 15.08 16.29 16.07 18.00 17.58 13.75 13.67 14.57 15.12 15.85 17.15 2 13.17 13.43 13.34 13.28 15.08 15.17 13.41 14.07 14.25 14.87 14.56 15.00 13.68 13.22 15.26 14.73 15.48 15.43 3 13.51 13.65 16.36 16.45 14.00 13.97 16.88 16.49 17.17 17.06 14.25 14.45 13.78 16.53 13.94 16.10 16.95 14.65 13.82 14.19 14.55 15.21 16.00 15.67 R 570 (2001) 1 14.78 14.28 14.86 15.13 16.20 16.46 18.47 17.66 12.91 13.64 15.55 14.79 13.78 15.39 16.71 16.84 14.37 14.03 2 14.31 14.55 14.48 14.58 16.85 16.93 14.21 14.76 15.31 15.12 12.32 12.80 14.78 14.68 17.01 15.31 14.92 13.27 3 14.26 14.42 14.99 14.00 15.95 15.95 13.67 13.67 14.06 14.75 13.46 14.07 14.57 13.00 - - 15.44 14.67 14.41 14.57 16.45 15.36 14.50 13.88 * Samples were harvested in 2003 except where indicated
Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/% for green leaf fibres (fibre F and fines f) of triplicate cane samples of four cane varieties and three ages. Sample* 52 weeks 44 weeks 36 weeks F mean f mean F mean f mean F mean f mean R 579 1 13.27 14.00 14.19 14.41 12.72 12.95 11.69 12.07 13.29 13.77 13.32 13.17 14.73 14.62 13.18 12.45 14.25 13.02 2 14.14 14.16 12.52 12.43 14.69 14.60 13.21 13.97 14.57 14.18 15.58 16.04 14.18 12.33 14.50 14.72 13.78 16.50 3 13.25 13.83 14.04 13.55 12.17 12.70 14.25 14.02 13.85 13.39 17.08 17.44 14.41 13.05 13.23 13.78 12.92 17.80 14.00 13.46 13.42 13.35 13.78 15.55 R 570 1 13.01 12.53 15.31 14.60 14.96 14.39 15.21 15.00 12.95 12.44 15.63 14.88 12.05 13.89 13.81 14.79 11.93 14.13 2 13.53 13.53 13.18 13.24 11.28 12.12 11.31 11.11 11.97 12.29 14.19 14.55 13.52 13.29 12.95 10.90 12.60 14.91 3 11.76 11.96 13.62 13.23 12.33 12.35 10.33 11.07 12.79 12.85 15.93 15.87 12.16 12.84 12.36 11.81 12.91 15.81 12.67 13.69 12.95 12.39 12.53 15.10 M 1557/70 1 14.37 14.85 15.64 16.10 12.98 13.43 15.91 15.55 13.75 13.45 13.55 13.41 15.33 16.56 13.88 15.19 13.15 13.26 2 15.23 15.28 16.89 17.87 11.61 12.34 17.54 17.64 13.32 13.55 14.65 14.67 15.32 18.84 13.06 17.73 13.77 14.69 3 15.10 15.03 17.08 18.09 13.20 13.64 18.31 17.90 12.28 13.02 16.02 15.68 14.95 19.10 14.07 17.49 13.75 15.34 15.05 17.35 13.13 17.03 13.34 14.59 M 1400/86 1 14.54 14.48 14.30 14.90 13.45 13.18 15.27 15.42 13.80 13.45 13.37 12.86 14.41 15.49 12.91 15.56 13.10 12.34 2 14.61 14.79 14.84 14.94 12.60 12.64 14.27 14.70 12.03 12.35 12.96 13.13 14.97 15.03 12.68 15.12 12.67 13.29 3 13.59 14.01 13.99 14.75 13.87 13.91 14.93 15.15 12.49 12.59 14.22 13.94 14.43 15.50 13.94 15.37 12.69 13.65 14.43 14.86 13.24 15.09 12.80 13.31 R 570 (2001) 1 14.22 14.16 14.11 13.74 14.24 14.18 15.77 15.03 14.58 14.97 14.80 14.35 14.09 13.36 14.11 14.28 15.36 13.89 2 14.72 14.48 11.87 12.19 13.93 13.95 14.39 14.60 15.10 15.16 14.47 15.15 14.23 12.50 13.97 14.81 15.22 15.82 3 14.23 14.06 11.80 11.82 15.00 15.08 16.01 15.92 14.62 14.89 15.74 15.75 13.89 11.84 15.16 15.83 15.15 15.75 14.23 12.58 14.40 15.18 15.01 15.08 * Samples were harvested in 2003 except where indicated
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14:
4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20:
APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38:
Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46:
LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150: 3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152: Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206: 4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 207 and 208: Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252:
Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 261 and 262:
4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278:
Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280:
Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282:
5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284:
Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302:
Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312:
Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316:
Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318:
6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322:
Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324:
Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328:
3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330:
when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332:
It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334:
The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336:
Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338:
particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340:
Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344:
Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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