Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Steuerwald L.G.L. (1912). Adsorpbeerend Vermogen van reitgom en reitvezelstof. Adsorptiewater in ampas. Mededeelingen van het Peoefstation Voor de Java – Suikerindustrie. 2:1325. Sun J.X., X.F. Sun, H. Zhao and R.C. Sun (2004). Isolation and characterisaiton of cellulose from sugar cane bagasse. Polymer degradation and stability. 84:331-339. Telis V.R.N., A.L. Gabas, F.C. Menegalli and J. Telis-Romero (2000). Water sorption thermodynamic properties applied to persimmon skin and pulp. Thermochimica acta. 343(1-2):49-56. Tolaba, M.P., M. Peltzer, N. Enriquez and M.L. Pollio (2004). Grain sorption equilibria of quinoa grains. Journal of Food Engineering. 61:365-371. Tsai Ming Chuin (1973). Sugar cane quality control and sugar yield. Taiwan Sugar. 20:18- 20. Tsai W.L., H.H. Ting and M.C. Tsai (1961). A report on the processing of sugar manufacture affected by cane trash. Taiwan Sugar. 24-27. Tsami E., D. Marinous-Kouris and Z.B. Maroulis (1990). Water sorption isotherms of raisins currants, figs, prunes and apricots. Journal of Food Science. 55:1594-1597. Tsami E., Z.B. Maroulis, D. Morunos-Kouris and G.D. Saravacos (1990). Heat of sorption of water in dried fruit. International Journal of Food Science Technology. 25:350-359. Tulip J.R. and W.E. Moore (2007). Trash analysis in billet cane using spectral unmixing. International Sugar Journal. Vol. 109, No. 1304:513-520. Valko E.I. (1943). Cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Ed. Ott E., New York: Interscience Publishers Inc., 379-423. Van den Berg C. (1984). Description of water activity of foods for engineering purpose by means of the GAB model of sorption. In B.M. McKemenne (Ed.). Engineering and Food. vol 1; pp 311-321. London; Elsevier Applied Science. Van den Berg C. and S. Bruin (1981). Water activity and its estimation in food systems. In Rockland L.B. and F. Stewart (Eds.). Water activity : influence on food quality (pp 147-177). New York : Academic Press. 45
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. Douwes Dekker. (1957). The determination of certain qualities of individual consignment of cane. South African Sugar Journal. 51:544-548. Van Dillewijn C. (1952). Botany of sugar cane. Waltham, Mass. USA. The Chronica Botanica Co: Book Department. pp 371. Van Hengel A. (1974). Proposal for the evaluation of cane and sugar in identical units at standardized factory efficiency. Proceedings of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 15:1446-1455. Van Soest P.J. (1963). Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds I. Preparation of fibre residues of low nitrogen content. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). Vol 46 No. 6, 825-829. Verma D.R. and D.K. Gupta (1988). Equilibrium moisture content isotherms of sugarcane bagasse. Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 25:49-56. Vertucci C.W. and A.C. Leopold (1984). Bound water in soybean seed and its relation to respiration and imbibitional damage. Plant Physiology. 75:114-117. Vertucci C.W. and C. Leopold (1987). The relationship between water binding and desiccation tolerance in tissues. Plant Physiology. 85:232-238. Vignes E.C. (1980). The implications of cane washing. Proceedings of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 21:2221-2230. Villavicencio E.J. (1974). World market potential for bleached bagasse pulp – a technical review. Proceedings of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 15:1783- 1792. Viswanathan R., D.S. Jayas and R.B. Hulasare (2003). Sorption isotherms of tomato slices and onion shreds. Biosystems Engineering. 86(4):465-472. Wang N. and J.G. Brennan (1991). Moisture sorption isotherm characteristics of potatoes at four temperatures. Journal of Food Engineering. 14:269-282. Weisser H. (1986). Influence of temperature on sorption isotherms. In Food Engineering and Process Applications Vol 1. Edited by M. LeMaguer and P. Jelen. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. New York. 189-199. 46
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 273 and 274:
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 1
Page 307 and 308: A similar procedure was followed to
Page 309 and 310: 10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312: Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314: Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316: Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318: 6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320: The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322: Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324: Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
Page 325 and 326: 3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328: 3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330: when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332: It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334: The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336: Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338: particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340: Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342: Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344: Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346: Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348: Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350: Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352: Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353: Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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