Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 12 0 12 0 12 0 qst /kJ mol -1 8 0 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 Rind fines Top fibre Dry leaf fibre 12 0 12 0 12 0 qst /kJ mol -1 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 - 4 0 - 4 0 - 4 0 Dry leaf fines Green leaf fibre Green leaf fines 12 0 12 0 12 0 qst /kJ mol -1 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 - 4 0 - 4 0 - 4 0 EMC/% db 52 weeks 36 weeks Figure 6.8. The variation of the GAB model net isosteric heat of adsorption with moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. 255
10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 10 0 10 0 Sd /J mol -1 K - 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 10 0 Rind fines Top fibre Dry leaf fibre 10 0 10 0 Sd /J mol -1 K -1 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 10 0 Dry leaf fines Green leaf fibre Green leaf fines 10 0 10 0 Sd /J mol -1 K -1 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 - 10 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 EMC/% db 52 weeks 36 weeks Figure 6.9. The variation of the GAB model entropy of sorption with moisture content for the nine cane components of R 570 aged 52 and 36 weeks. 256
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
Page 3 and 4:
dissolved and hydrated waters, and
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
Page 7 and 8:
Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
Page 11 and 12:
Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14:
4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
Page 15 and 16:
4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20:
APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25 and 26:
Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28:
total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
Page 31 and 32:
Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
Page 33 and 34:
Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
Page 35 and 36:
Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38:
Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
Page 39 and 40:
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
Page 41 and 42:
Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
Page 43 and 44:
Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46:
LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
Page 47 and 48:
s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50:
number of 255, and cane land covere
Page 51 and 52:
Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56:
In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
Page 57 and 58:
are: cane tops, dry and green leave
Page 59 and 60:
1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
Page 61 and 62:
campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64:
The level of extraneous matter in c
Page 65 and 66:
In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
Page 67 and 68:
The effect of soil on factory perfo
Page 69 and 70:
leaves increased the level of impur
Page 71 and 72:
• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
Page 73 and 74:
Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
Page 77 and 78:
Since the extrapolated purity of mo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
Page 81 and 82:
2.1.4 Results The analytical result
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90:
Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
Page 91 and 92:
0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
Page 93 and 94:
% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
Page 95 and 96:
1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
Page 97 and 98:
% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
Page 99 and 100:
esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
Page 101 and 102:
2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
Page 103 and 104:
filter paper, rejecting the first f
Page 105 and 106:
Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
Page 111 and 112:
various components such as stalk fi
Page 113 and 114:
in the presence of dry leaves, if c
Page 115 and 116:
Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
Page 121 and 122:
Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
Page 123 and 124:
R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
Page 125 and 126:
loosen the fibre. The woody core is
Page 127 and 128:
agitate the mixture in the pot, and
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
Page 131 and 132:
The extraction of fibres starting f
Page 133 and 134:
pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
Page 137 and 138:
not have many dry leaves attached t
Page 139 and 140:
Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
Page 141 and 142:
Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
Page 145 and 146:
3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
Page 149 and 150:
3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
Page 151 and 152:
Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154:
Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156:
from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158:
Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160:
110
Page 161 and 162:
(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164:
dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166:
Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168:
solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170:
leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172:
instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174:
Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178:
Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180:
In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184:
The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186:
e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188:
By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190:
was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192:
value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194:
Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196:
A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200:
- One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202:
Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204:
Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206:
4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 207 and 208:
Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210:
pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212:
The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214:
4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216:
The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218:
Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220:
4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222:
component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224:
3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226:
Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228:
to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230:
Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232:
Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234:
and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236:
Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238:
After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240:
approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242:
Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244:
5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246:
5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248:
Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250:
Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252:
Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254:
30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
Page 255 and 256:
m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
Page 257 and 258: vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 259 and 260: 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 261 and 262: 4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
Page 263 and 264: 5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266: Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 275 and 276: Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278: Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282: 5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284: Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286: m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288: Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292: where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 297 and 298: 6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300: 6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302: Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 307: A similar procedure was followed to
Page 311 and 312: Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314: Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316: Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318: 6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320: The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322: Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324: Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
Page 325 and 326: 3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328: 3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330: when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332: It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334: The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336: Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338: particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340: Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342: Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344: Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346: Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348: Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350: Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352: Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354: Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356: Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
show all

Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?