Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 4.25. Analysis of variance (two crops). Variate: BFW (dry leaf) Source of variation d.f.(mv.) s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 1.67 0.835 0.7 NS Crop 1 15.929 15.929 13.37 * * * Age 2 16.27 8.135 6.83 * * Size 1 3.927 3.927 3.3 NS Crop.Age 2 10.104 5.052 4.24 * Crop.Size 1 14.692 14.692 12.33 * * * Age.Size 2 6.769 3.385 2.84 NS Crop.Age.Size 2 1.943 0.972 0.82 NS Residual 56(2) 66.729 1.192 Total 69(2) 137.174 Variate: BFW (green leaf) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 5.4476 2.7238 3.22 * Crop 1 25.5732 25.5732 30.24 * * * Age 2 15.7134 7.8567 9.29 * * * Size 1 2.5051 2.5051 2.96 NS Crop.Age 2 10.8045 5.4023 6.39 * * Crop.Size 1 7.3408 7.3408 8.68 * * Age.Size 2 8.6919 4.346 5.14 * * Crop.Age.Size 2 15.3934 7.6967 9.1 * * * Residual 58 49.0449 0.8456 Total 71 140.5148 Variate: BFW (rind) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 2.4945 1.2473 1.9 NS Crop 1 87.186 87.186 132.82 * * * Age 2 36.3639 18.1819 27.7 * * * Size 1 4.7381 4.7381 7.22 * * Crop.Age 2 34.6596 17.3298 26.4 * * * Crop.Size 1 0.0961 0.0961 0.15 NS Age.Size 2 22.8319 11.4159 17.39 * * * Crop.Age.Size 2 0.055 0.0275 0.04 NS Residual 58 38.0724 0.6564 Total 71 226.4974 Variate: BFW (stalk) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 1.29 0.645 0.38 NS Crop 1 134.152 134.152 78.95 * * * Age 2 24.448 12.224 7.19 * * Size 1 712.657 712.657 419.41 * * * Crop.Age 2 111.784 55.892 32.89 * * * Crop.Size 1 108.241 108.241 63.7 * * * Age.Size 2 72.331 36.165 21.28 * * * Crop.Age.Size 2 37.294 18.647 10.97 * * * Residual 58 98.554 1.699 Total 71 1300.752 NS Not significant * P < 0.05 ** P < 0.01 *** P < 0.001
4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water content of reconstituted cane leaves and cane stalk Igathinathane et al. (2005), after measuring the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of corn components, namely, stalk skin and stalk pith, proposed that EMC of reconstituted corn stalk could be estimated from the sum of the dry mass fraction and the measured EMC of each of the two components. Thus: M st = ׳D ss M ss + ׳D sp M sp where M st is the estimated EMC of the stalk (% db), ׳D ss and ׳D sp are the dry matter mass fraction of stalk skin and stalk pith components, M ss and M sp are the observed EMC of stalk skin and stalk pith component (% db) respectively. Similarly for sugar cane component parts, it would be possible to estimate Brix-free water value of reconstituted dry leaf from the dry mass fraction of dry leaf fibre and dry leaf fines, and their measured constituents Brix-free water values. In so doing, it is assumed that the Brix-free water content is additive, and that the values in the separated components represented the values of these components in the intact state. The same can be done to estimate Brix-free water value of green leaf from the dry mass fraction of green leaf fibre and green leaf fines, and their measured constituents Brix-free water values. Thus: m dl = ׳D dF m dF + ׳D df m df and m gl = ׳D gF m gF + ׳D gf m gf where ׳D dF , ׳D df , ׳D gF and ׳D gf are the dry mass fractions of dry leaf fibre, dry leaf fines, green leaf fibre and green leaf fines, m dl and m gl are the estimated Brix-free water values of reconstituted dry leaf and reconstituted green leaf, m lF , m df , m gF and m gf are the measured Brix-free water values of dry leaf fibre, dry leaf fines, green leaf fibre and green leaf fines. In a similar way, it would be possible to reconstitute cane stalk from the dry mass fraction of cane stalk fibre, stalk pith, rind fibre and rind fines, and their observed Brix-free water values. Thus: m st = ׳D sF m sF + ׳D sp m sp + ׳D rF m rF + ׳D rf m rf
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205 and 206: 4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 207 and 208: Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252: Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254: 30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
Page 255 and 256: m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
Page 257 and 258: vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 259 and 260: 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
Page 261 and 262: 4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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