Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Nelson R.M. (1983). A model for sorption of water vapour by cellulosic materials. Wood and Fibre Science. 15(1):8-22. Nilsson D., B. Svennerstedt and C. Wretfors (2005). Adsorption equilibrium moisture contents of flax straw, hemp stalks and reed canary grass. Biosystems Engineering. 91(1):35-43. Noguchi H. (1981). Hydration around hydrophobic groups. In L.B. Rockland and G.F. Steward (Eds). Water activity: Influences on Food Quality. pp 281-293. Academic Press, New York, USA. Norimoto M. and T. Yamada (1977). Dielectric behaviour of water adsorbed on MWL. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 23(2):99-196. Oguri (1932). J. Soc. Chim. Ind. Japan. 35:279 Olson B.C., M.P. Coleman and T.G. Fuelling (1999). A commercial monitor for soil in sugar cane. 21:443-448. Oswin C.R. (1946). The kinetics of package life. III Isotherm. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 65:419-421. Parish D.H. and S.M. Feillafé (1965). Notes on the 1:100000 soil map of Mauritius. Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute Occasional Paper No. 22. 43 p. Paturau J.M. (1989). By-products of the cane sugar industry, an introduction to their industrial utilization: Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam. 37-42 pp 435. Peleg M. (1993). Assessment of a semi-empirical four-parameter general model for sigmoid moisture sorption isotherms. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 16:21-37. Perry R.H. and C.H. Chilton (1973). Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5 th edition, McGraw Hill Ltd. 3-64, 2545 p. Perry R.H., D.W. Green and J.O. Maloney (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6 th edition, McGraw Hill Inc. 3-65, 3-69, 2719 p. Pieters W.J.M. and W.E. Gates (1984). U S Patent 4489, 593. 41
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Studiën over Ampas, Archief voor de Java. Suikerindustrie. Vol. V. p 369. Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1904). Chemical control in use in the Java factories, 437-444. Prothon F. and L.M. Ahrné (2004). Application of the GAB model to correlate water activity and moisture content during osmotic dehydration of apples. Journal of Food Engineering. 61:467-470. Qin L.J. and E.T. White (1991). A press method for evaluating hygroscopic water for cane fibres. Proceedings of Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 13:291-297. Qojewska J., P. Miskowiec, T. Qojewski and L.M. Proniewicz (2005). Cellulose oxidative and hydrolytic degradation: in situ FTIR approach. Polymer degradation and stability. 88(2005):512-520. Quioco F.A., D.K. Wilson and N.K. Vyas (1989). Substrate specificity and affinity of a protein modulated by bound water molecules. Nature. 340:404-407. Rao K.J., P.H.A. Dhas, F.M.E. Emerald, B.C. Ghosh, B.V. Balasubramanyam and S. Kulkarni (2006). Moisture sorption characteristics of chhana podo at 5 °C and 35 °C. Journal of Food Engineering. 76:453-459. Rascio A., C. Platani, G. Scalfati, A. Tonti and N.D. Fonzo (1994). The accumulation of solutes and water binding strength in durum wheat. Physiologia Plantarum. 90:715- 721. Rascio A., C. Platini, N. Di Fonzo and G. Wittmer (1992). Bound water in durum wheat under drought stress. Plant Physiology. 98:908-912. Reid M.J. and G.R.E. Lionnet (1989). The effects of tops and trash on cane milling based on trials at Maidstone. Proceedings of South African Sugar Technologists Association. 63:3-6. Rein P.W. (1975). A statistical analysis of the effect of cane quality on extraction performances. Proceedings of South African Sugar Technologists Association. 49:43- 47. Rein P.W. (2003). Private communication. 42
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
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Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
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pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
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The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
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4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
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The main difference in the two sets
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Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
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4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
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component parts, and verify the Bri
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3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
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Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
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to determine the moisture sorption
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Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
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Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
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and on agricultural products such a
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Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
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After measuring the EMC of dry corn
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approached, that is, either by adso
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Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
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5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
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5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
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Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
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Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
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Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
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30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300: 6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302: Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 305 and 306: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 1
Page 307 and 308: A similar procedure was followed to
Page 309 and 310: 10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
Page 311 and 312: Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314: Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316: Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
Page 317 and 318: 6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320: The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322: Table 6.7. Separation of the total
Page 323 and 324: Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
Page 325 and 326: 3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
Page 327 and 328: 3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
Page 329 and 330: when water is added to dry wood, wh
Page 331 and 332: It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334: The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336: Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
Page 337 and 338: particular fibre is systematically
Page 339 and 340: Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342: Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344: Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346: Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348: Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349: Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 353 and 354: Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356: Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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