Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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The analytical results shown in Tables 4.17-4.21 were analysed statistically by making use of GENSTAT for Windows (Version 8.0). The objective of this analysis was to determine the effect of replication in the field, cane variety, size of cane component (fibre or fines/pith), age, replication of their interactions, cane component parts and location of crop growth, on the Brix-free water content. The results of the analyses of variance are shown in Table 4.23. Statistical significance refers to P < 0.05(*), P < 0.01 (**) and P < 0.001 (***) levels. 4.7.3.2 Replication The three replicates in the field did not differ significantly in the Brix-free water content of dry leaf fibre and fines, green leaf fibre and fines, top fibre and rind fibre and fines, whereas in the case of stalk fibre and pith, the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). This is because the Brix-free water values of pith in certain replicates of all cane varieties at 52 weeks were high, notably the 3 rd replicate of R 579, the 1 st replicate of R 570, the 2 nd replicate of M 1557/70 and the 1 st replicate of M 1400/86. These replicates were in a flowering state and had probably developed pithiness which led to higher Brixfree water values. 4.7.3.3 Cane variety When the fibre and fines of each component part as well as all the three ages were considered together, there was a highly significant main effect of cane variety (P < 0.001) for all component parts except stalk indicating that the Brix-free water in dry leaf is different in the four cane varieties, similarly for green leaf, top and rind. However in stalk, when the combined effect of fibre and pith and the three ages were considered, the four cane varieties were not different. 4.7.3.4 Size: fibre or fines When all the four cane varieties and all the three ages were considered together, there was a highly significant (P < 0.001) main effect of size (whether fibre or fines) on the Brix-free water values in all components examined. The fines of a cane component part generally have about a unit higher Brix-free water value than the corresponding fibres except in stalk where the difference is much larger.
Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (Brix-free water of five component fibres, four varieties and three ages). Variate: BFW (dry leaf) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 4.871 2.435 2.14 NS Variety 3 21.015 7.005 6.15 * * * Age 2 6.968 3.484 3.06 * Size 1 28.676 28.676 25.17 * * * Variety.Age 6 33.859 5.643 4.95 * * * Variety.Size 3 8.215 2.738 2.4 NS Age.Size 2 2.604 1.302 1.14 NS Variety.Age.Size 6 18.047 3.008 2.64 * Residual 118 134.458 1.139 Total 143 258.713 Variate: BFW (green leaf) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 1.0407 0.5203 0.53 NS Variety 3 63.9123 21.3041 21.5 * * * Age 2 11.1698 5.5849 5.64 * * Size 1 52.1043 52.1043 52.57 * * * Variety.Age 6 53.3321 8.8887 8.97 * * * Variety.Size 3 21.6693 7.2231 7.29 * * * Age.Size 2 3.2411 1.6205 1.64 NS Variety.Age.Size 6 34.8555 5.8093 5.86 * * * Residual 118 116.9474 0.9911 Total 143 358.2726 Variate: BFW (top) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 2.6806 1.3403 1.44 NS Variety 3 34.2414 11.4138 12.23 * * * Age 2 23.5971 11.7985 12.64 * * * Variety.Age 6 7.2579 1.2097 1.3 NS Residual 58 54.1214 0.9331 Total 71 121.8983 Variate: BFW (rind) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 0.212 0.106 0.09 NS Variety 3 102.602 34.201 27.76 * * * Age 2 46.892 23.446 19.03 * * * Size 1 98.903 98.903 80.27 * * * Variety.Age 6 67.59 11.265 9.14 * * * Variety.Size 3 43.531 14.51 11.78 * * * Age.Size 2 36.73 18.365 14.91 * * * Variety.Age.Size 6 14.66 2.443 1.98 NS Residual 118 145.387 1.232 Total 143 556.505 Variate: BFW (stalk) Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep stratum 2 23.368 11.684 7.92 * * * Variety 3 10.488 3.496 2.37 NS Age 2 102.388 51.194 34.72 * * * Size 1 1905.104 1905.104 1292.17 * * * Variety.Age 6 16.044 2.674 1.81 NS Variety.Size 3 97.102 32.367 21.95 * * * Age.Size 2 235.477 117.739 79.86 * * * Variety.Age.Size 6 38.068 6.345 4.3 * * * Residual 118 173.973 1.474 Total 143 2602.012 NS Not significant * P < 0.05 ** P < 0.01 *** P < 0.001
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203 and 204: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 205: 4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252: Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254: 30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
Page 255 and 256: m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
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Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
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Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
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Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
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Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
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Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
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Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
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Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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