Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4 4 4 ln( EMC/% db) 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 Rind fines Top fibre Dry leaf fibre 4 4 4 ln(EMC/% db) 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 Dry leaf fines Green leaf fibre Green leaf fines 4 4 4 ln(EMC/% db) 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 2 4 6 ln (water vapour pressure/mm Hg) 30°C 45°C 55°C 60°C Figure 5.7. Adsorption isotherms of nine cane components aged 36 weeks (as per Kelly’s method, 1957). Note the similar behaviour of all the nine cane components. 205
30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm 30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55 o C isotherm 60 o C isotherm Table 5.17. Freundlich constants for primary and secondary equilibria of adsorption isotherms of cane components aged 52 weeks. R 2 s ln k k R 2 s ln k k R 2 s ln k k Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre Primary equilibria 0.83 0.726 0.164 1.17821 0.88 0.538 0.869 2.38453 0.95 0.732 0.126 1.13428 Secondary equilibria 1.00 3.002 -7.197 7.49E-04 1.00 3.438 -8.370 2.32E-04 0.89 2.543 -5.682 3.41E-03 Primary equilibria 0.95 0.941 -1.243 0.288517 0.95 0.560 0.276 1.31785 0.99 1.024 -1.585 0.204948 Secondary equilibria 0.90 4.014 -13.840 9.76E-07 0.62 3.614 - 11.78 7.66E-06 0.89 3.416-11.38 1.14E-05 Primary equilibria 0.98 0.933 -1.844 0.158183 0.99 0.906 -1.585 0.204948 0.96 1.044 -2.401 0.0906273 Secondary equilibria 0.87 6.030 -25.330 9.98E-12 0.64 5.807 -23.93 4.05E-11 0.90 5.626 -23.49 6.29E-11 Primary equilibria 0.97 0.881 -1.853 0.156766 0.97 1.121 -2.807 0.0603859 0.97 0.894 -1.999 0.135471 Secondary equilibria 1.00 8.209 -37.410 5.66E-17 0.96 8.381 -37.97 3.23E-17 0.97 9.342-43.01 2.09E-19 Rind fines Top fibre Dry leaf fibre Primary equilibria 0.95 0.691 0.166 1.18057 0.82 0.649 0.512 1.66863 0.77 0.657 0.483 1.62093 Secondary equilibria 1.00 3.303 -8.269 2.56E-04 0.98 3.129 -7.404 6.09E-04 0.95 3.491 -8.771 1.55E-04 Primary equilibria 1.00 0.907 -1.191 0.303917 0.98 0.825 -0.802 0.448431 0.98 0.766 -0.673 0.510176 Secondary equilibria 0.95 3.584 -12.07 5.73E-06 0.95 4.588 -16.08 1.04E-07 0.99 4.229 -14.68 4.21E-07 Primary equilibria 0.97 0.781 -1.406 0.245122 0.97 0.868 -1.468 0.230386 0.96 1.000 -2.037 0.130419 Secondary equilibria 0.97 4.320 -17.38 2.83E-08 0.94 8.368 -36.19 1.92E-16 0.98 6.680 -28.38 4.73E-13 Primary equilibria 0.91 0.824 -1.74 0.17552 0.88 0.877 -1.809 0.163818 0.97 0.768 -1.355 0.257947 Secondary equilibria 0.96 4.882 -21.13 6.66E-10 0.87 7.719 -34.75 8.10E-16 0.96 9.936 -45.81 1.27E-20 Dry leaf fines Green leaf fibre Green leaf fines Primary equilibria 0.97 0.792 0.170 1.1853 0.95 0.858 -0.158 0.85385 0.88 0.742 0.169 1.18412 Secondary equilibria 0.96 2.052 -3.799 0.0223932 0.99 3.678 -9.402 8.26E-05 0.91 3.470 -8.647 1.76E-04 Primary equilibria 0.97 0.712 -0.433 0.64856 0.97 0.829 -0.860 0.423162 0.97 0.784 -0.694 0.499574 Secondary equilibria 0.90 3.784 -12.79 2.79E-06 0.80 3.820 -12.90 2.50E-06 0.98 5.395 -19.50 3.40E-09 Primary equilibria 0.95 0.726 -0.965 0.380983 0.98 0.850 -1.490 0.225373 0.97 0.883 -1.554 0.211401 Secondary equilibria 0.87 4.591 -18.52 9.05E-09 0.84 5.512 -22.77 1.29E-10 0.99 8.244 -35.60 3.46E-16 Primary equilibria 0.96 0.868 -1.782 0.168301 0.95 0.708 -1.077 0.340616 0.96 0.841 -1.623 0.197306 Secondary equilibria 1.00 7.675 -34.73 8.26E-16 0.97 5.958 -26.21 4.14E-12 0.99 7.607 -34.37 1.18E-15 206
Page 1 and 2:
THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
Page 3 and 4:
dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
Page 9 and 10:
Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
Page 11 and 12:
Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
Page 13 and 14:
4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
Page 15 and 16:
4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 19 and 20:
APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
Page 25 and 26:
Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
Page 27 and 28:
total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
Page 33 and 34:
Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
Page 35 and 36:
Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
Page 37 and 38:
Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
Page 39 and 40:
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
Page 41 and 42:
Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
Page 43 and 44:
Sorption is the generic term used w
Page 45 and 46:
LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
Page 49 and 50:
number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
Page 55 and 56:
In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
Page 63 and 64:
The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
Page 81 and 82:
2.1.4 Results The analytical result
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
Page 89 and 90:
Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
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Snow (1974) investigated the season
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from Figure 2.9 that the change in
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Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
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110
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(a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
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dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
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Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
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solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
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leave some residual moisture on the
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instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
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Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
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Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
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Table 4.4. Results of the determina
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In order to test for homogeneity of
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Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
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The experiment was repeated with th
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e any residual moisture in the samp
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By means of the same technique, Won
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was still hot. Since the filter was
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value determined could be corrected
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Qin and White’s finding was confi
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A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
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Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
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- One large fibre sample (rind) of
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Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
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Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
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4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is es
Page 207 and 208: Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252: Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254: 30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
Page 255 and 256: m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
Page 257: vaporisation generally decreases fr
Page 261 and 262: 4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
Page 263 and 264: 5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
Page 265 and 266: Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
Page 275 and 276: Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
Page 277 and 278: Table 5.28. Classification of resid
Page 279 and 280: Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
Page 281 and 282: 5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
Page 283 and 284: Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
Page 285 and 286: m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
Page 287 and 288: Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
Page 289 and 290: CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
Page 291 and 292: where m is the equilibrium moisture
Page 297 and 298: 6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
Page 299 and 300: 6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
Page 301 and 302: Thus, for each cane component of ea
Page 303 and 304: abscissa. For each moisture level (
Page 307 and 308: A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
Page 313 and 314:
Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
Page 315 and 316:
Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
Page 319 and 320:
The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
Page 321 and 322:
Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
Page 333 and 334:
The number of adsorbed monolayers,
Page 335 and 336:
Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
Page 343 and 344:
Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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