Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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Table 4.21. Brix-free water values/% for stalk fibres (fibre F and pith P) of triplicate cane samples of four varieties and three ages. Sample* 52 weeks 44 weeks 36 weeks F mean P mean F mean P mean F mean P mean R 579 1 9.84 10.55 23.89 23.94 11.10 10.67 17.81 18.09 14.27 14.42 19.47 20.41 11.26 23.99 10.23 18.36 14.57 21.35 2 10.20 10.25 22.98 22.74 12.16 11.29 16.71 16.98 14.23 14.36 22.31 21.65 10.30 22.50 10.41 17.25 14.49 20.99 3 10.32 10.88 26.58 26.18 10.64 10.84 19.36 19.43 13.19 14.05 18.97 18.80 11.43 25.78 11.04 19.49 14.90 18.63 10.56 24.29 10.93 18.16 14.28 20.29 R 570 1 10.83 10.84 26.87 26.60 13.26 12.81 18.34 18.73 13.73 13.50 22.91 22.74 10.84 26.32 12.36 19.12 13.26 22.56 2 11.75 11.09 23.41 23.13 13.77 13.72 17.37 18.01 13.48 13.23 20.31 20.82 10.42 22.84 13.66 18.64 12.98 21.32 3 11.69 11.89 21.33 22.13 13.21 12.26 18.31 18.36 12.95 13.07 20.37 20.60 12.09 22.93 11.31 18.41 13.19 20.82 11.27 23.95 12.93 18.37 13.27 21.38 M 1557/70 1 13.81 14.19 18.89 18.59 11.37 11.52 16.12 17.07 15.83 16.36 16.61 17.49 14.57 18.29 11.67 18.01 16.89 18.36 2 13.56 13.38 23.27 23.33 12.77 13.12 19.56 19.69 15.66 15.90 18.01 18.25 13.20 23.38 13.46 19.82 16.13 18.49 3 11.74 11.66 19.97 20.46 12.59 12.79 16.36 16.81 12.64 13.04 15.67 16.45 11.57 20.95 12.98 17.25 13.44 17.23 13.08 20.79 12.47 17.85 15.10 17.40 M 1400/86 1 14.21 14.24 23.70 23.30 14.10 14.31 19.44 19.62 13.96 14.53 21.10 20.26 14.27 22.89 14.51 19.79 15.09 19.42 2 12.41 12.73 19.73 20.42 13.63 13.25 18.24 18.97 14.84 14.99 18.85 19.13 13.05 21.11 12.86 19.69 15.13 19.41 3 9.98 10.55 21.62 21.90 13.60 12.59 17.92 16.96 14.20 14.02 16.94 16.72 11.11 22.17 11.57 16.00 13.83 16.50 12.51 21.87 13.38 18.51 14.51 18.70 R 570 (2001) 1 11.62 10.79 19.19 17.86 12.21 13.01 17.85 17.82 9.57 9.37 14.09 14.09 9.96 16.53 13.81 17.78 9.17 14.09 2 11.01 10.82 15.01 16.22 14.18 14.07 18.55 18.22 14.30 14.30 11.36 11.76 10.63 17.43 13.95 17.89 14.29 12.15 3 11.37 12.27 15.96 16.49 15.20 14.90 20.20 19.74 11.39 10.38 12.30 12.27 13.16 17.02 14.60 19.27 9.36 12.23 11.29 16.86 13.99 18.59 11.35 12.70 * Samples were harvested in 2003 except where indicated
4.7.3 Statistical analysis It is essential to establish, first of all, whether the difference in the duplicate results is significant. 4.7.3.1 Validity of the duplicate analyses Calculations were carried out by using the one sample Student’s t-test with the null hypo<strong>thesis</strong> that the mean of the duplicate analytical results is equal to zero. All the duplicate results, for both fibre and fines of dry leaf in Table 4.17 were thus examined. The variance, standard deviation and standard error of the mean are shown in Table 4.22. The data for green leaf, top (where only fibre data are available), rind and stalk given in Tables 4.18 – 4.21 were similarly examined and the statistical results are also shown in Table 4.22. The results from the Student’s t-test show that the duplicate results are not different. Table 4.22. One sample Student t-test results for duplicate analyses of Brix-free water. Dry leaf Standard Standard error Sample Size Mean Variance deviation of mean BFW1-BFW2 72 -0.2383 0.6064 0.7787 0.09177 95% confidence interval for mean: (-0.4213, -0.05535) Green leaf Standard Standard error Sample Size Mean Variance deviation of mean BFW1-BFW2 72 -0.2092 0.7129 0.8443 0.09951 95% confidence interval for mean: (-0.4076, -0.01076) Top Standard Standard error Sample Size Mean Variance deviation of mean BFW1-BFW2 36 -0.3603 0.715 0.8456 0.1409 95% confidence interval for mean: (-0.6464, -0.07418) Rind Standard Standard error Sample Size Mean Variance deviation of mean BFW1-BFW2 72 -0.2322 0.5892 0.7676 0.09046 95% confidence interval for mean: (-0.4126, -0.05185) Stalk Standard Standard error Sample Size Mean Variance deviation of mean BFW1-BFW2 72 -0.1849 0.8944 0.9457 0.1115 95% confidence interval for mean: (-0.4071, 0.03737)
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THE BRIX-FREE WATER CAPACITY AND SO
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dissolved and hydrated waters, and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am particularly
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Page 1.5 THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF
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Page 2.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BRIX-FRE
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Page 3.4.3.3 Cane tops 83 3.4.4 Cha
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4.3.3 Temperature at which Brix-fre
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4.6.1 Materials 143 4.6.1.1 Samples
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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APPENDIX 3. CALCULATIONS LEADING TO
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1. Fi
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Figure 3.1. Glucose and fructose an
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Figure 5.11. Residual plots for the
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total adsorbed water (m) and the pr
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Table 2.18. Moisture content in sug
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Page Table 4.4. Results of the dete
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Page Table 4.24. Analysis of varian
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Page Table 5.13. Table 5.14. Equili
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Table 6.3. Heat of sorption of the
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absorption is the
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Filterability of a raw sugar is mea
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Sorption is the generic term used w
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LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS Symbol Descrip
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s c s Slope of Caurie I isotherm pl
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number of 255, and cane land covere
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Nouvelle Mon In Trésor ustrie and
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Figure 1.3. Cane sampling by core s
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In Mauritius, most of the sugar fac
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are: cane tops, dry and green leave
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1.4 TRENDS IN CANE QUALITY RECEIVED
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campaign was launched to encourage
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The level of extraneous matter in c
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In Australia (Cargill, 1976), cane
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The effect of soil on factory perfo
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leaves increased the level of impur
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• From 1976 to 1980, when the pro
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Clerget purity of molasses 40 Clerg
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CHAPTER 2. IMPACT OF EXTRANEOUS MAT
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Since the extrapolated purity of mo
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Figure 2.1. Jeffco cutter grinder.
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2.1.4 Results The analytical result
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Table 2.3. Analytical results of re
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Table 2.5. Composition of dry trash
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Table 2.7. Predicted factory perfor
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Boiling house recovery 91.0 89.8 89
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0 5 10 15 20 % EM in cane y = 0.572
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 -4 -
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1 y = 0.020 (% D) R 2 = 1.00 = 0.03
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% EM in cane 0 5 10 15 20 0 -2 y =
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esulting in 0.015 unit sucrose loss
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2.2.1 Experimental procedure Cane m
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filter paper, rejecting the first f
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Table 2.9. Effect of increased addi
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Table 2.11. Effect of increased add
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Table 2.13. Effect of increased add
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various components such as stalk fi
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in the presence of dry leaves, if c
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Table 2.17. Moisture content in sug
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CHAPTER 3. SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR
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Table 3.1. It can be seen that the
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Table 3.2. Fibrous physical composi
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R 579 R 570 M 1557/70 M 1400/86 74
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loosen the fibre. The woody core is
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agitate the mixture in the pot, and
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Figure 3.7. Custom-built fibre-pith
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The extraction of fibres starting f
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pre-treatment in a Jeffco cutter-gr
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Figure 3.19. Stalk cake washed free
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not have many dry leaves attached t
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Table 3.5. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.7. Masses of cane samples a
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Table 3.9. Masses of cane component
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3 57.6 126.3 23.7 97.2 31.1 53.8 11
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Table 3.12. Material loss (%) from
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3.5.3 Fibre/pith ratios in cane com
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Table 3.15. Effect of extraneous ma
Page 153 and 154: Snow (1974) investigated the season
Page 155 and 156: from Figure 2.9 that the change in
Page 157 and 158: Table 3.18. Fibre % cane results by
Page 159 and 160: 110
Page 161 and 162: (a). Dry leaf (b). Green leaf (c).
Page 163 and 164: dry fibre, or a factor, is used in
Page 165 and 166: Steuerwald (1912) applied sucrose s
Page 167 and 168: solution/fibre ratio was lowered fr
Page 169 and 170: leave some residual moisture on the
Page 171 and 172: instead of 150 g of 10° Brix sucro
Page 173 and 174: Table 4.2. Determination of Brix-fr
Page 175 and 176: Table 4.3. Comparison of Brix-free
Page 177 and 178: Table 4.4. Results of the determina
Page 179 and 180: In order to test for homogeneity of
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.7. Results of the repeat de
Page 183 and 184: The experiment was repeated with th
Page 185 and 186: e any residual moisture in the samp
Page 187 and 188: By means of the same technique, Won
Page 189 and 190: was still hot. Since the filter was
Page 191 and 192: value determined could be corrected
Page 193 and 194: Qin and White’s finding was confi
Page 195 and 196: A sample size of 3.5 g with 75 g co
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4.4. Fibre samples drying in
Page 199 and 200: - One large fibre sample (rind) of
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.18. Brix-free water values/
Page 203: Table 4.20. Brix-free water values/
Page 207 and 208: Table 4.23. Analysis of variance (B
Page 209 and 210: pointing out that at 52 weeks old,
Page 211 and 212: The crop of R 570 sampled in 2001 w
Page 213 and 214: 4.7.4. Estimated Brix-free water co
Page 215 and 216: The main difference in the two sets
Page 217 and 218: Table 4.27. Predicted Brix-free wat
Page 219 and 220: 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An anal
Page 221 and 222: component parts, and verify the Bri
Page 223 and 224: 3) Thermodynamic, water in equilibr
Page 225 and 226: Langmuir (1916, 1917, 1918) propose
Page 227 and 228: to determine the moisture sorption
Page 229 and 230: Table 5.1. Some commonly used isoth
Page 231 and 232: Lomauro et al. (1985) found that wi
Page 233 and 234: and on agricultural products such a
Page 235 and 236: Bruijn (1963) studied the mass incr
Page 237 and 238: After measuring the EMC of dry corn
Page 239 and 240: approached, that is, either by adso
Page 241 and 242: Table 5.4. Water activity (a w ) of
Page 243 and 244: 5.6.3 Procedure to determine equili
Page 245 and 246: 5.6.4 Results and discussion An exa
Page 247 and 248: Table 5.8. Equilibrium moisture con
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.10. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 251 and 252: Table 5.12. Equilibrium moisture co
Page 253 and 254: 30 o C 45 o C 55 o C 60 o C Water w
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m/m of 96% activity, a w (g/100g dr
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vaporisation generally decreases fr
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30 o C isotherm 45 o C isotherm 55
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4 0 Stalk fibre 5 0 Stalk pith 5 0
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5.6.4.4 Fitting of sorption models
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Table 5.19. Parameters of the sorpt
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Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
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Modified GAB Kuhn Iglesias - Chirif
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Table 5.28. Classification of resid
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Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fibre 4
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5.6.4.5 Calculated EMC values of re
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Table 5.30. Calculated equilibrium
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m/m of 96% Table 5.32. Calculated e
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Table 5.33. Parameters of the Hailw
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CHAPTER 6. PROPERTIES OF THE SORBED
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where m is the equilibrium moisture
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6.2 THE NUMBER OF ADSORBED MONOLAYE
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6.3 TOTAL SOLID SURFACE AREA AVAILA
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Thus, for each cane component of ea
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abscissa. For each moisture level (
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A similar procedure was followed to
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10 0 Stalk fibre Stalk pith Rind fi
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Moreover, if T β > T hm the proces
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Table 6.5. Characteristic parameter
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Binding energy/kJ (kg mol) -1 2 0 0
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6.8 CALCULATION OF BOUND WATER AND
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The values of K 1 , K 2 and W were
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Table 6.7. Separation of the total
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Table 6.7. (Contd.) Sample 30 o C 4
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3 0 S talk fibre 4 0 Stalk pith 3 0
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3 0 Reconstituted cane at 30 o C 3
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when water is added to dry wood, wh
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It is evident that in some cases ma
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The number of adsorbed monolayers,
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Data in Tables 2.9 and 2.11 show th
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particular fibre is systematically
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Anon. (1985b). Laboratory manual fo
Page 341 and 342:
Blanchi R.H. and A.G. Keller (1952)
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Day D.L. and G.L. Nelson (1965). De
Page 345 and 346:
Heyrovsky J. (1970). Determination
Page 347 and 348:
Kuhn I.J. (1964). A new theoretical
Page 349 and 350:
Madamba P.S., R.H. Driscoll and K.A
Page 351 and 352:
Prinsen Geerligs, H.C. (1897). Stud
Page 353 and 354:
Sing K.S.W., D.H. Everett, R.A.W. H
Page 355 and 356:
Van der Pol C., C.M. Young and K. D
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Lynne Wong's PhD thesis

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