Kinetic Analysis and Characterization of Epoxy Resins ... - FedOA

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LIST OF FIGURES 14 2.2 Wave propagation in a rectangular waveguide. . . .......... 58 2.3 Multimodalapplicator.......................... 59 2.4 Frontovenview. ............................ 60 2.5 Rightsideovenview........................... 61 2.6 Leftsideovenview. .......................... 62 2.7 Backovenview.............................. 62 2.8 Front view and microwave distribution inside the cavity. . . . . . . 63 2.9 Sideovenviewandmagnetronposition. ............... 63 2.10 Scheme of power supplying in a microwave oven without (A) and with(B)VPMS. ............................ 64 2.11 Surface of the oven tray with grid and three-dimensional Cartesian coordinatessystem............................ 69 2.12Repetitiveunitofpolypropylene. ................... 71 2.13 Beaker distribution on the tray surface. . .............. 71 2.14 Plot of energy density distribution along x-y plane, in dynamic operativeconditions. ........................... 72 2.15 Influence of the height and the radial position on dielectric heating ofbeakerofwater,indynamicoperativeconditions. ........ 73 2.16 ∆T ∗ measured at 1, 2 and 3 cm of height above the tray surface. . 74 2.17 Influence of the tray velocity on the temperature increase. . . . . . 75 2.18 Plot of ∆T ∗ obtainedwithawoodsurface. ............. 79 2.19 Plot of ∆T ∗ obtained with 50 ml of EC 57 epoxy prepolymer. . . . 81 2.20 Datalogger electronic circuits. . . . .................. 83 2.21 Datalogger outer view. . . . ...................... 84 2.22 Samples cured with 2000 W for 10 min and with air temperature of 60 ◦ C (A), 50 ◦ C(B),40 ◦ C (C), 30 ◦ C(D). .............. 89 14
LIST OF FIGURES 15 2.23 Onset temperature of a fresh epoxy mixture, measured with a DSC dynamic scan at 10 ◦ C/min. ...................... 90 3.1 Thermogravimetric signal of K 21 at 10 ◦ C/min............ 94 3.2 Thermogravimetric signal of EC 57 at 10 ◦ C/min........... 95 3.3 Thermogravimetric signal of EC 57-K 21 mixture at 10 ◦ C/min. . . 96 3.4 Cure enthalpy of EC 57-K 21 mixture with dynamic scan at 10 ◦ C/min. 97 3.5 T g of a sample cured with dynamic scan at 10 ◦ C/min........ 98 3.6 T g of a sample microwave cured with 1500 W for 300 s. . . . . . . 99 3.7 Overlay of isothermal DSC at the seven selected temperatures. . . 102 3.8 Plot of experimental reaction rate versus degree of cure for isothermal DSC at 100 ◦ C............................ 104 3.9 Fitting of experimental DSC data of isothermal at 100 ◦ Cwithautocatalyticequation. .......................... 108 3.10 Comparison of experimental and theoretical α ′ versus α plot for isothermal DSC at 100 ◦ C........................ 110 3.11 Comparison of experimental and theoretical specific heat flow for isothermal DSC at 100 ◦ C........................ 111 3.12Arrheniusplot. ............................. 112 3.13 DSC dynamic scan of sample microwave cured for 175 s at 1500 W. 116 3.14 Residual energy after MW cure process at 1500 W for 125 s. . . . . 119 3.15 Thermal profile during MW cure process at 1000 W. . . . . . . . . 120 3.16 Comparison of thermal profiles between MW cure process at 1500 W and a DSC dynamic scan at 44 ◦ C/min............... 120 3.17 Comparison of thermal profile between MW cure process at 2000 W and a DSC dynamic scan at 70 ◦ C/min............... 121 3.18 DSC dynamic scan at 70 ◦ C/min on an indium sample. . . . . . . . 121 3.19 Standard DSC dynamic scan at 10 ◦ C/min on an indium sample. . 122 15
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI
Page 3 and 4: 3 I thank all the lecturers of PhD
Page 5 and 6: 5 Microwaves are electromagnetic ra
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS 7 1.8.1 DielectricProperti
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 9 4 Conclusions and Outloo
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 11 3.2 Average value
Page 13: List of Figures 1.1 Diglycidylether
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF FIGURES 17 3.38 Comparison
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 19 cannot be melted an
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 21 • bismaleimides;
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 23 cold solders, casti
Page 25 and 26: Introduction 25 Average Properties
Page 27 and 28: Introduction 27 In Figure 1.4 n can
Page 29 and 30: Introduction 29 ducts and it genera
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 31 tween current-carry
Page 33 and 34: Introduction 33 that describe the p
Page 35 and 36: Introduction 35 1.3.5 Lorentz Force
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 37 Figure 1.11: Electr
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 39 Even microwaves can
Page 41 and 42: Introduction 41 production requirem
Page 43 and 44: Introduction 43 fect of the electro
Page 45 and 46: Introduction 45 following different
Page 47 and 48: Introduction 47 Debye equations bas
Page 49 and 50: Introduction 49 Although these mode
Page 51 and 52: Introduction 51 materials that have
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Experimental In this chap
Page 55 and 56: Experimental 55 Characteristic Note
Page 57 and 58: Experimental 57 If the oven is used
Page 59 and 60: Experimental 59 In monomodal applic
Page 61 and 62: Experimental 61 Figure 2.5: Right s
Page 63 and 64: Experimental 63 Figure 2.8: Front v
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Experimental 65 regardless of the a
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Experimental 67 • The number of t
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Experimental 69 Figure 2.11: Surfac
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Experimental 71 Figure 2.12: Repeti
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Experimental 73 From the Figure 2.1
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Experimental 75 in the centre of th
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Experimental 77 not read the water
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Experimental 79 Test number 1 2 3 4
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Experimental 81 Figure 2.19: Plot o
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Experimental 83 2.5 Datalogger This
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Experimental 85 same reason a wood
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Experimental 87 Material Behaviour
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Experimental 89 in function of the
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Experimental 91 2.6.3 Influence of
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion Th
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Results and Discussion 95 There is
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Results and Discussion 97 Figure 3.
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Results and Discussion 99 Parameter
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Results and Discussion 101 After pr
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Results and Discussion 103 of insta
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Results and Discussion 105 1. Mecha
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Results and Discussion 107 where k
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Results and Discussion 109 Kinetic
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Results and Discussion 111 Figure 3
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Results and Discussion 113 3.3 Comp
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Results and Discussion 115 pedestal
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Results and Discussion 117 Tables 3
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Results and Discussion 123 t MW [s]
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Results and Discussion 125 simulate
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Results and Discussion 129 t DSC [s
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Page 133 and 134:
Results and Discussion 133 Using th
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Results and Discussion 135 forward
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Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Results and Discussion 141 than the
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Results and Discussion 143 Since ev
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Results and Discussion 145 ditions.
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Results and Discussion 147 3.23 and
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Results and Discussion 149 The T g
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Results and Discussion 151 3.6.1 St
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Results and Discussion 153 Flexural
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Results and Discussion 155 3.7.2 FT
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Results and Discussion 157 identifi
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Results and Discussion 159 This eff
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Results and Discussion 161 Also in
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Conclusions and Outlook 163 degree
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Appendix A A Brief History of Micro
Page 167 and 168:
A Brief History of Microwave Oven 1
Page 169 and 170:
Bibliography [1] W. Callister, “M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 [19] P. I. Karkana
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 [34] K. D. V. Pras
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Kinetic Analysis and Characterization of Epoxy Resins ... - FedOA

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