Kinetic Analysis and Characterization of Epoxy Resins ... - FedOA

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Introduction 46 An important circuit used as a model for dielectric materials is a series resistor and capacitor in parallel with a capacitor, as shown in Figure 1.14. Figure 1.14: Resistor and capacitor in parallel. From elementary circuit analysis, the impedance of this circuit can be determined: Z= ( ) j ω −1 C1 Rjω C 1 +1 +jω C 2 (1.12) where C 1 and C 2 are the capacitances defined in Figure 1.14 . The relationship between the charge and the voltage is defined as the following [9]: Q ∗ (ω, t) = C ∗ (ω)V ∗ (ω, t) (1.13) where C ∗ is the complex capacitance. Therefore, the relation between impedance and capacitance can be determined for a sinusoidal varying current as: Z(ω) = 1 1+jω C ∗ (ω) (1.14) From equations 1.12 and 1.14 the complex capacitance can be determined: C ∗ =C 1 + C 2 1+ω 2 C 2 2 R 2 − j ω RC2 2 1+ω 2 C 2 2 R 2 (1.15) This form of the complex capacitance is identical to the form of the classical Debye solution for an ideal dielectric liquid. There are several ways to derive the 46
Introduction 47 Debye equations based on the microscopic interaction of the dipoles with applied electromagnetic fields [9, 10]. The classical Debye description of an ideal dielectric liquid is useful to understand the physics behind the interaction of microwaves with materials at the molecular level. In the Debye description, a single molecule with a small electric dipole is assumed to be at the center of a spherical volume. When there is no electromagnetic field present, the dipoles are randomly oriented throughout the material. When the electromagnetic field is applied, the dipoles tend to orient in the direction of the electric field, as illustrated in Figure 1.15. Figure 1.15: Model of a dipole used in the Debye description of an ideal liquid. A force balance on the dipole yields the following equation: I ∂2 θ ∂t 2 +C∂θ − pEsinθ = 0 (1.16) ∂t where E is the magnitude of the electric field, θ, the angle between the dipole 47
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI
Page 3 and 4: 3 I thank all the lecturers of PhD
Page 5 and 6: 5 Microwaves are electromagnetic ra
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS 7 1.8.1 DielectricProperti
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 9 4 Conclusions and Outloo
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 11 3.2 Average value
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 1.1 Diglycidylether
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 15 2.23 Onset tempe
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF FIGURES 17 3.38 Comparison
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 19 cannot be melted an
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 21 • bismaleimides;
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 23 cold solders, casti
Page 25 and 26: Introduction 25 Average Properties
Page 27 and 28: Introduction 27 In Figure 1.4 n can
Page 29 and 30: Introduction 29 ducts and it genera
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 31 tween current-carry
Page 33 and 34: Introduction 33 that describe the p
Page 35 and 36: Introduction 35 1.3.5 Lorentz Force
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 37 Figure 1.11: Electr
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 39 Even microwaves can
Page 41 and 42: Introduction 41 production requirem
Page 43 and 44: Introduction 43 fect of the electro
Page 45: Introduction 45 following different
Page 49 and 50: Introduction 49 Although these mode
Page 51 and 52: Introduction 51 materials that have
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Experimental In this chap
Page 55 and 56: Experimental 55 Characteristic Note
Page 57 and 58: Experimental 57 If the oven is used
Page 59 and 60: Experimental 59 In monomodal applic
Page 61 and 62: Experimental 61 Figure 2.5: Right s
Page 63 and 64: Experimental 63 Figure 2.8: Front v
Page 65 and 66: Experimental 65 regardless of the a
Page 67 and 68: Experimental 67 • The number of t
Page 69 and 70: Experimental 69 Figure 2.11: Surfac
Page 71 and 72: Experimental 71 Figure 2.12: Repeti
Page 73 and 74: Experimental 73 From the Figure 2.1
Page 75 and 76: Experimental 75 in the centre of th
Page 77 and 78: Experimental 77 not read the water
Page 79 and 80: Experimental 79 Test number 1 2 3 4
Page 81 and 82: Experimental 81 Figure 2.19: Plot o
Page 83 and 84: Experimental 83 2.5 Datalogger This
Page 85 and 86: Experimental 85 same reason a wood
Page 87 and 88: Experimental 87 Material Behaviour
Page 89 and 90: Experimental 89 in function of the
Page 91 and 92: Experimental 91 2.6.3 Influence of
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 3 Results and Discussion Th
Page 95 and 96: Results and Discussion 95 There is
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Results and Discussion 97 Figure 3.
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Results and Discussion 99 Parameter
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Results and Discussion 101 After pr
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Results and Discussion 103 of insta
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Results and Discussion 105 1. Mecha
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Results and Discussion 107 where k
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Results and Discussion 109 Kinetic
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Results and Discussion 111 Figure 3
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Results and Discussion 113 3.3 Comp
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Results and Discussion 115 pedestal
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Results and Discussion 117 Tables 3
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Results and Discussion 123 t MW [s]
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Results and Discussion 125 simulate
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Results and Discussion 129 t DSC [s
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Results and Discussion 133 Using th
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Results and Discussion 135 forward
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Results and Discussion 141 than the
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Results and Discussion 143 Since ev
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Results and Discussion 145 ditions.
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Results and Discussion 147 3.23 and
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Results and Discussion 149 The T g
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Results and Discussion 151 3.6.1 St
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Results and Discussion 153 Flexural
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Results and Discussion 155 3.7.2 FT
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Results and Discussion 157 identifi
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Results and Discussion 159 This eff
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Results and Discussion 161 Also in
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Conclusions and Outlook 163 degree
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Appendix A A Brief History of Micro
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A Brief History of Microwave Oven 1
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Bibliography [1] W. Callister, “M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 [19] P. I. Karkana
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 [34] K. D. V. Pras
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