Kinetic Analysis and Characterization of Epoxy Resins ... - FedOA

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Preface Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites are nowadays extensively used as metal replacement in the production of aerospace, automotive and marine parts. The most widely used matrix materials for advanced composites are thermoset epoxy resins, which are processed by cure, consisting in conversion of liquid monomers into three-dimensional thermoset network via chemical reactions and formation of crosslinks between the main chains. Thermoset polymer are also used in microelectronics industry in which the curing of such systems have become the bottleneck of the whole production process. Epoxy resins have graduated from a laboratory curiosity to a multitude of applications, becoming an integral part of the adhesive industry, printed board circuitry, beyond aircraft and spacecraft design. During processing, heat is supplied to the sample by conduction, convection and radiation from thermal energy sources. The use of conventional thermal energy sources in the manufacturing of composites results in long processing times and large temperature gradients, especially in thicker samples. In the search for an alternative energy source for the thermoset cure, considerable interest has been entrusted in the application of electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency range.
5 Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These radiations are typically used in telecommunication and dielectric heating of materials. Some examples of industrial applications are in the field of plastics processing (welding and forming), wood processing (seasoning and gluing), textiles, paper and board (drying), food (post-baking and drying) and ceramics (drying). Industrial microwave ovens generally operate at a frequency of 2,45 GHz, corresponding to a wavelength of 12,2 cm. In contrast to thermal heating, which involves heat conduction and the resulting thermal lag, microwaves can generate heat directly within the sample and thus offer possible advantages of higher efficiency, fast production rate, lower capital cost, more uniform cure and improved physical-mechanical properties. The main objective of this work is to investigate the possible advantages of the microwave curing process of epoxy systems in term of reaction kinetic and properties of the final product. The “specific microwave effect” has also been studied. 5
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI
Page 3: 3 I thank all the lecturers of PhD
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS 7 1.8.1 DielectricProperti
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 9 4 Conclusions and Outloo
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 11 3.2 Average value
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 1.1 Diglycidylether
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES 15 2.23 Onset tempe
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF FIGURES 17 3.38 Comparison
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 19 cannot be melted an
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 21 • bismaleimides;
Page 23 and 24: Introduction 23 cold solders, casti
Page 25 and 26: Introduction 25 Average Properties
Page 27 and 28: Introduction 27 In Figure 1.4 n can
Page 29 and 30: Introduction 29 ducts and it genera
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 31 tween current-carry
Page 33 and 34: Introduction 33 that describe the p
Page 35 and 36: Introduction 35 1.3.5 Lorentz Force
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 37 Figure 1.11: Electr
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 39 Even microwaves can
Page 41 and 42: Introduction 41 production requirem
Page 43 and 44: Introduction 43 fect of the electro
Page 45 and 46: Introduction 45 following different
Page 47 and 48: Introduction 47 Debye equations bas
Page 49 and 50: Introduction 49 Although these mode
Page 51 and 52: Introduction 51 materials that have
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 Experimental In this chap
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Experimental 55 Characteristic Note
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Experimental 57 If the oven is used
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Experimental 59 In monomodal applic
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Experimental 61 Figure 2.5: Right s
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Experimental 63 Figure 2.8: Front v
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Experimental 65 regardless of the a
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Experimental 67 • The number of t
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Experimental 69 Figure 2.11: Surfac
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Experimental 71 Figure 2.12: Repeti
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Experimental 73 From the Figure 2.1
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Experimental 75 in the centre of th
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Experimental 77 not read the water
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Experimental 79 Test number 1 2 3 4
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Experimental 81 Figure 2.19: Plot o
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Experimental 83 2.5 Datalogger This
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Experimental 85 same reason a wood
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Experimental 87 Material Behaviour
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Experimental 89 in function of the
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Experimental 91 2.6.3 Influence of
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Chapter 3 Results and Discussion Th
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Results and Discussion 95 There is
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Results and Discussion 97 Figure 3.
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Results and Discussion 99 Parameter
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Results and Discussion 101 After pr
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Results and Discussion 103 of insta
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Results and Discussion 105 1. Mecha
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Results and Discussion 107 where k
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Results and Discussion 109 Kinetic
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Results and Discussion 111 Figure 3
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Results and Discussion 113 3.3 Comp
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Results and Discussion 115 pedestal
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Results and Discussion 117 Tables 3
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Results and Discussion 123 t MW [s]
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Results and Discussion 125 simulate
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Results and Discussion 129 t DSC [s
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Results and Discussion 133 Using th
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Results and Discussion 135 forward
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Results and Discussion 141 than the
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Results and Discussion 143 Since ev
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Results and Discussion 145 ditions.
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Results and Discussion 147 3.23 and
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Results and Discussion 149 The T g
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Results and Discussion 151 3.6.1 St
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Results and Discussion 153 Flexural
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Results and Discussion 155 3.7.2 FT
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Results and Discussion 157 identifi
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Results and Discussion 159 This eff
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Results and Discussion 161 Also in
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Conclusions and Outlook 163 degree
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Appendix A A Brief History of Micro
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A Brief History of Microwave Oven 1
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Bibliography [1] W. Callister, “M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 [19] P. I. Karkana
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 [34] K. D. V. Pras
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Kinetic Analysis and Characterization of Epoxy Resins ... - FedOA

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