PART 2: ITALY 109 Figure 35: Italy, Annual Net Earn<strong>in</strong>gs of Females with Bachelor’s Degree, by Age <strong>and</strong> Occupation, 1995 35,000 30,000 Annual Earn<strong>in</strong>gs (lira) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 25–29 30–34 Scientists Age Group 35–44 45–54 55–64 <strong>Teacher</strong>s Figure 36: Italy, Annual Net Earn<strong>in</strong>gs of Males with Bachelor’s Degree, by Age <strong>and</strong> Occupation, 2004 45,000 40,000 35,000 Annual Earn<strong>in</strong>gs (lira) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 25–29 Scientists 30–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 Age Group <strong>Teacher</strong>s Eng<strong>in</strong>eers
110 TEACHER PAY AND STUDENT MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT Figure 37: Italy, Annual Net Earn<strong>in</strong>gs of Females with Bachelor’s Degree, by Age <strong>and</strong> Occupation, 2004 60,000 50,000 Annual Earn<strong>in</strong>gs (lira) 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 20–24 Scientists 25–29 30–34 Age Group <strong>Teacher</strong>s 35–44 45–54 55–64 Eng<strong>in</strong>eers The tables <strong>and</strong> figures suggest that, compared to females with technical <strong>and</strong> scientific tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Italian females who studied to be teachers were do<strong>in</strong>g rather well <strong>in</strong> the 1990s, whether they had studied teach<strong>in</strong>g at secondary level or had a university degree. However, males who had studied teach<strong>in</strong>g at the secondary level were earn<strong>in</strong>g less than males with technical secondary tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, while males with a Bachelor’s degree <strong>in</strong> education were earn<strong>in</strong>g much less than those tra<strong>in</strong>ed as eng<strong>in</strong>eers. However, they were earn<strong>in</strong>g more or less at the same level as graduates with science-based degrees, particularly <strong>in</strong> 2004. Another feature of note from the tables <strong>and</strong> figures is that the mean net annual earn<strong>in</strong>gs for all these professions is not very high. References Bank of Italy. (1995). Survey of Italian Households’ Income <strong>and</strong> Wealth. Rome: Author. Bank of Italy. (2004). Survey of Italian Households’ Income <strong>and</strong> Wealth. Rome: Author. Drago, R., Basaglia, G., & Lodolo, V. (2003). Attract<strong>in</strong>g, develop<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g effective teachers: OECD country background report for Italy. Rome: M<strong>in</strong>istry of <strong>Education</strong>, University, <strong>and</strong> Research. Organisation for Economic Co-operation <strong>and</strong> <strong>Development</strong> (OECD). (2005). <strong>Education</strong> at a glance: <strong>Education</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators 2005. Paris: Author.