Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics - IEA

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PART 2: CHILE 69 Table 19: Chile, Average Monthly Teacher Salary for 44-Hour Week and Minimum Salary, by Year and Type of School (pesos for year 2000) Average Salary and Legal Minimum Salary at Entry Year Average Teacher Salary Minimum Municipal Minimum Private Subsidized 1990 252,539 138,880 71,429 1991 265,348 165,663 153,980 1992 309,954 183,390 176,516 1993 348,711 194,157 180,244 1994 396,630 225,362 201,563 1995 436,453 248,681 243,526 1996 468,698 273,374 272,193 1997 512,124 300,193 298,647 1998 538,605 327,167 326,928 1999 565,609 349,238 349,238 2000 594,158 372,057 372,057 2001 631,010 391,750 391,750 Source: Mizala and Romaguera (2001, Table 13). The government also implemented a system of salary bonuses based on school performance in the national SIMCE (Education Quality Measurement System) tests that students in Chilean schools sit every two years (Grade 4 in even years and Grade 8 in odd years). The National System for Assessing School Performance (SNED) awards are given in each award year to the highest-rated schools within each of several sets of schools (grouped according to the socioeconomic status of the communities from which the schools draw their students), until those rewarded account for 25% of enrollments within each province (there are 13 provinces in Chile). The SNED rating is arrived at through a series of measures that compare schools in the same “homogeneous grouping” within each region. When determining the awards, the SNED adjusts for the average SES background of students in a school and whether the school is in an urban or a rural area, which means the awards are well distributed among private and public schools and among urban and rural schools (Mizala & Romaguera, 2003). During the period 1996 to 2000, almost one-half of all Chilean schools received at least one award. The awards are about $US400 to $US500 annually per teacher in bonus-winning schools (accounting for about 5% of annual salary). However, because so many schools (about 1,600 to 2,200, depending on the year) and teachers (about 30,000) receive the bonuses every year (the government spent $US12.5M on bonuses in 1996/1997, $US13.5M in 1998/1999, and $US16.5M in 2000/2001), the awards expenditure had risen to $US18.5M by 2004/2005. We estimated Chilean teachers’ salaries against the salaries of scientists and engineers and by gender in 1996 and 2003. We show the mean hourly wages in Table 20. The data we used came from the annual Chilean household survey (CASEN), so the samples were relatively small. We identified scientists as all types of physical and biological scientists, and engineers as all types of engineer, despite the fact that we ended up with two rather heterogeneous groups. (This type of grouping was also the case in other countries, though.) The effect of teacher salary increases in the late 1990s and early
70 TEACHER PAY AND STUDENT MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT 2000s made the salaries of female teachers competitive with those of female scientists and engineers; the latter are paid relatively low salaries in the Chilean private sector. The monthly salaries were lower than those of scientists and engineers, but the differences declined between 1996 and 2003, particularly between female teachers and engineers (Table 20 and Figures 13 to 16). Table 20: Chile, Mean Hourly Earnings, by Gender, Age, and Occupation, 1996 and 2003 (current Chilean pesos) Males Females Age Scientists Engineers Teachers Scientists Engineers Teachers 1996 25–29 1,841 3,010 1,875 3,012 1,205 30–34 4,645 4,011 2,321 2,423 3,381 3,044 35–44 5,450 4,488 2,771 1,590 3,353 2,387 45–54 1,500 5,858 3,227 3,804 2,754 55+ 1,275 3,560 4,107 2,178 2003 Age Scientists Engineers Teachers Scientists Engineers Teachers 25–29 2,361 3,209 2,992 1,849 1,382 2,240 30–34 4,058 4,319 2,099 3,915 2,772 3,451 35–44 3,629 5,782 3,432 3,662 1,945 3,733 45–54 9,839 6,556 5,172 2,542 4,707 4,763 55+ 15,260 10,207 5,155 2,137 2,448 4,974 Source: Ministry of Planning (1996, 2003). Figure 13: Chile, Median Monthly Earnings of Male Teachers, Engineers, and Scientists, by Age, 1996 4,500 Monthly Earnings (Chilean pesos) 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 25–29 Scientists 30–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 Age Group Teachers Engineers
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