Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics - IEA

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PART 2: MEXICO 121 Teacher salaries Mexican teachers saw their real incomes and wages decline sharply in the 1980s relative to average incomes in Mexico, but these began to recover at the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s. Lopez-Acevedo and Salinas of the World Bank compared the salaries of teachers with the salaries of other professionals who had completed upper- secondary and/or higher education in 1988, 1994, and 1999. They found that teachers’ monthly income and hourly pay rose relative to professionals’ monthly income and hourly pay in the early 1990s, but fell in the late 1990s (Lopez-Acevedo & Salinas, 2001). As we document below, we found a similar downward trend in the period 1996 to 2000, but another increase, particularly for female teachers, during the period 2000 to 2004. The rise in the early 1990s can be explained partly by the implementation of the Carerra Magisterial in 1993. Our analysis of secondary teachers’ annual and hourly salaries in Mexico involved comparison with the salaries of scientists, engineers, and social scientists for three years—1996, 2000, and 2004. Although, surprisingly, the average levels of education for scientists and engineers were lower than those for the secondary school teachers, who were mostly college graduates or had some graduate education, we restricted ourselves to comparing teachers with people from other occupation groups who were college graduates. Because of poor data, our restriction also extended in the year 2000 to individuals with postgraduate levels of education. The social scientists in the employment survey sample were also almost all college graduates or had some graduate training. Table 35 presents the results of our estimates of annual salaries for the four occupational groups by gender across the three years; note that we controlled for level of education. The teacher category in the table comprises secondary teachers only. The results suggest that secondary teachers lost some ground, salary-wise, to other professionals in the 1996 to 2004 period, and that this loss held for both male and female teachers. By 2004, male teachers were earning one-half the monthly income of social scientists, the most comparable group education-wise; female teachers were earning about 80% of female social scientists’ average income. The results in Figures 42 to 45 for the hourly wages of secondary school teachers suggest a similar pattern regarding annual earnings. However, because teachers work fewer hours than those in other professions, teacher hourly salaries tend to be generally higher than the salaries in other professions. In 2004, female secondary school teachers earned relatively more compared to females in other mathematics-oriented professions, while male teachers, more experienced ones particularly, earned wages lower than those of males in other mathematics-oriented professions.
122 TEACHER PAY AND STUDENT MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT Table 35: Mexico, Estimated Annual Base Earnings for University-Educated Professionals, by Gender, Age, and Occupation, 2000, 2004 (2002 pesos) Males, 1996 Females, 1996 Age Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Teachers Scientists Teachers Scientists 25–29 79,339 94,835 63,305 85,192 53,323 73,776 44,170 65,007 30–34 131,914 95,763 90,419 85,555 57,302 74,257 71,969 35–44 159,172 132,853 78,451 123,093 67,748 81,741 95,981 45–54 105,372 71,327 68,444 66,852 55–64 202,945 109,830 429,765 Males, 2000 Females, 2000 Age Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Teachers Scientists Teachers Scientists 25–29 80,259 88,940 57,920 76,781 65,009 52,770 60,576 30–34 80,259 127,601 62,233 147,141 38,792 120,388 43,808 90,769 35–44 66,882 167,771 64,008 126,137 40,972 57,519 58,836 95,642 45–54 89,435 131,415 84,683 118,159 64,207 71,932 66,882 55–64 137,109 66,962 127,076 Males, 2004 Females, 2004 Age Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Teachers Scientists Teachers Scientists 25–29 72,816 96,238 41,687 93,614 45,396 85,279 52,866 72,908 30–34 102,108 13,2869 85,867 113,694 76,002 120,085 73,055 82,166 35–44 157,199 149,348 96,018 141,946 93,197 108,158 88,876 92,862 45–54 113,775 194,723 99,566 187,060 129,249 72,826 117,276 55–64 164,941 72,058 122,877 90,451 53,463 Male Earnings Ratio, 2004/1996 Female Earnings Ratio, 2004/1996 Age Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Scientists Engineers Secondary Social Teachers Scientists Teachers Scientists 25–29 1.15 0.85 1.16 1.20 1.12 30–34 0.92 1.01 0.66 1.10 1.33 0.98 1.14 35–44 0.77 1.39 0.95 1.33 1.38 1.09 0.97 45–54 0.99 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.93 55–64 1.85 1.40 2.73 Source: National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Information, National Survey of Income and Household Expenditures, 2004.
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