Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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An apple of mass m falls into the bed of a moving toy truck of mass M. Before the apple lands in the car, the car is moving at constant velocity v on a frictionless track. Which of the following laws would you use to find the speed of the toy truck after the apple has landed? (A) Newton’s First Law (B) Newton’s Second Law (C) Kinematic equations for constant acceleration (D) Conservation of mechanical energy (E) Conservation of linear momentum Although the title of the section probably gave the solution away, we phrase the problem in this way because you’ll find questions of this sort quite a lot on SAT II Physics. You can tell a question will rely on the law of conservation of momentum for its solution if you are given the initial velocity of an object and are asked to determine its final velocity after a change in mass or a collision with another object. Some Supplemental Calculations But how would we use conservation of momentum to find the speed of the toy truck after the apple has landed? First, note that the net force acting in the x direction upon the apple and the toy truck is zero. Consequently, linear momentum in the x direction is conserved. The initial momentum of the system in the x direction is the momentum of the toy truck, . Once the apple is in the truck, both the apple and the truck are traveling at the same speed, . Therefore, . Equating and , we find: 124
As we might expect, the final velocity of the toy truck is less than its initial velocity. As the toy truck gains the apple as cargo, its mass increases and it slows down. Because momentum is conserved and is directly proportional to mass and velocity, any increase in mass must be accompanied by a corresponding decrease in velocity. EXAMPLE 2 A cannon of mass 1000 kg launches a cannonball of mass 10 kg at a velocity of 100 m/s. At what speed does the cannon recoil? Questions involving firearms recoil are a common way in which SAT II Physics may test your knowledge of conservation of momentum. Before we dive into the math, let’s get a clear picture of what’s going on here. Initially the cannon and cannonball are at rest, so the total momentum of the system is zero. No external forces act on the system in the horizontal direction, so the system’s linear momentum in this direction is constant. Therefore the momentum of the system both before and after the cannon fires must be zero. Now let’s make some calculations. When the cannon is fired, the cannonball shoots forward with momentum (10 kg)(100 m/s) = 1000 kg · m/s. To keep the total momentum of the system at zero, the cannon must then recoil with an equal momentum: Any time a gun, cannon, or an artillery piece releases a projectile, it experiences a “kick” and moves in the opposite direction of the projectile. The more massive the firearm, the slower it moves. Collisions A collision occurs when two or more objects hit each other. When objects collide, each object feels a force for a short amount of time. This force imparts an impulse, or changes the momentum 125
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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Page 75 and 76: EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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Page 89 and 90: 8. C When the book reaches the pers
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Page 99 and 100: 2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
Page 101 and 102: Adding these two equations together
Page 103 and 104: force of friction: . Using Newton
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Page 107 and 108: Frequency is given in units of cycl
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Page 111 and 112: The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
Page 113 and 114: Velocity Calculating the velocity o
Page 115 and 116: Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
Page 117 and 118: 7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
Page 119 and 120: Since the system is in equilibrium,
Page 121 and 122: velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
Page 123: Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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Page 131 and 132: For a System of Two Particles For a
Page 133 and 134: At the front end of the boat, the f
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Page 137 and 138: 1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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Page 149 and 150: To find the direction of a rigid bo
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Page 159 and 160: Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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Page 163 and 164: 1. D An object that experiences 120
Page 165 and 166: At the top of the incline, the disk
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Page 169 and 170: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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Page 173 and 174: EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
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Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
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Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
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8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
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Circumference and radius are relate
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learn how heat is transferred from
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heat, like rubber, have a high spec
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Just as specific heat tells us how
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
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Effectively, this equation tells us
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the way that it does. The Laws of T
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There are a number of equivalent fo
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If we know our formulas, this probl
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5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
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Asphalt, like most materials, has a
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The things we call atoms today are
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If they come up on SAT II Physics,
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will move in the opposite direction
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Work The work done to move a charge
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Much like gravitational potential e
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3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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The vector sum of the three vectors
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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